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Diapirism can be regarded as the main mechanism of transport through the lithosphere for both felsic and mafic/ultramafic magmas. However, the lack of field observations makes it difficult to identify the key mechanism responsible for the formation of dome-shaped structures. In this study, emplacement of natural diapirs is reconstructed by numerical experiments handling realistic rheological and petrological models for the crust and mantle lithosphere. Three different regimes of diapiric ascent were established depending on the chosen model rheology: (1) single-stage diapir ascent; (2) pulsating ascent of successive batches of mantle-derived magma to the base of the crust with a periodicity of 2-3 Myr; (3) emplacement of extensive magma bodies in the form of sills either beneath the base of the crust (underplating) or to deeper mantle levels. The timescale of 30 Myr for a heat source at the base of the lithosphere is sufficient to initiate the ascent of a diapir through the mantle and crust. The study provides the estimates of rheological properties of the lithosphere and partially molten material at which diapiric ascent through the mantle and crust can occur.

Laboratory and numerical experiments simulating the heat transfer and flow structure of thermochemical mantle plumes provide insights into the mechanisms of plume eruption onto the surface depending on the relative thermal power of plumes, Ka = N / N ₁, where N and N ₁ are the heat transferred fr om the plume base to the plume conduit and the heat transferred from the plume conduit to the surrounding mantle, respectively, under steady thermal conduction. There are three main types of plumes according to the Ka criterion: (i) plumes with low thermal power (Ka < 1.15), which fail to reach the surface, (ii) plumes with intermediate thermal power (1.15 < Ka< 1.9), which occur beneath cratons and transport melts from depths below 150 km, wh ere diamond is stable (diamondiferous plumes), and (iii) plumes with a mushroom-shaped head (1.9 < Ka < 10), which are responsible for large intrusive bodies, including batholiths. The volume of erupted melt and the depth from which the melt is transported to the surface are estimated for plumes of types (ii) and (iii). The relationship between the plume head area (along with the plume head diameter) and the relative thermal power is obtained. The relationship between the thickness of the block above the plume head and the relative thermal power is derived. On the basis of the results obtained, the geodynamic-regime diagram of thermochemical mantle plumes, including the plumes with Ka > 10, has been constructed.

The article outlines that further training becomes topical and urgent in the modern times. The authors see the leading role in development of further training as the vector of higher institutions. The paper explores the experience of the system of further training in Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University; general problems appeared in it and the ways of solution in the agricultural universities. The authors analyze the general aim and tasks of the departments of further training, the current situation, personnel, facilities and additional activity of the department. The paper investigates the external factors influencing further training development and defines the main directions and outlooks of development of further training for the next 5 years.

The article presents the results of researching the impact of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline on the economic development of the surrounding areas in Irkutsk Oblast. The involvement of the Kovykta gas and condensate field in the construction of the cross-border gas pipeline will have no significant effect on the socio-economic development of Irkutsk Oblast. Gasification of settlements is only possible in the area of gas production, the project does not generate any new elements of infrastructure, and the growth of budget revenues is reduced by federal exemptions. An alternative to the corporative approach is to enhance the project by adding a regional gas supply pipeline to the south-eastern part of the region, which will give impetus to the development of gas processing methods with new technology as a part of the existing petrochemical complex and the overall gasification-based restructuring of the industry.

The article describes the process of finding the answer to the question of what qualities a good municipal strategy of socio-economic development should have. Our research tool was the analysis of the results and proceedings of the urban strategies competition in 2014, which covered Russian cities with a population of over 100,000 people. We examined the properties differentiating the strategies of cities, as well as systematized the direct statements of jury members and mayors of finalist cities given on the qualities of good strategies. We have reached the following consensus: a good municipal strategy should be ambitious (aimed at high results), equipped with elaborate implementation and monitoring mechanisms, and concentrating efforts on priority flagship projects; it should be developed under the leadership of its mayor together with key players in urban development, understood and accepted by the local community.

A variety of perspectives on contributions made by small, medium-sized and large enterprises to the innovative development of Russia and approaches to researching this problem indicate that this topic remains open for discussion. The article shows the reasons why small and medium-sized companies make a minor contribution to the innovative development. Basing on a survey among executives in Novosibirsk Oblast, we have found out that the majority of enterprises follow a conservative behavior model. Under new economic conditions, their innovation goals are still related to updating and expanding their production capacities. Research and development as a basis for developing fundamentally new competitive products is declared to be a priority only in a few companies surveyed. Among the wide range of state support measures for entrepreneurship aimed at easing institutional and structural barriers, the most important ones for small and medium-sized companies are financial instruments. The need to help develop cooperation ties and networking is not yet recognized as a priority.

The article provides a rationale for the growth opportunities of Kazakhstan's manufacturing sector in the structure of industrial production and output of high-value-added products. This development trend will lead to a balanced use of hydrocarbon resources, which will determine specific demands for feedstock by oil refineries and petrochemical facilities, and export volume. Solving the problem of balancing the volumes of production, export, and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, while taking into account its qualitative parameters, will play a positive role in changing the industrial structure towards increasing the share of the manufacturing sector.

The article discusses the problems and possibilities of cluster formation as exemplified by international experiences in stimulating the innovation environment in the economy. Basing on the comparative characteristics of Bulgarian and European regional policies after 2006, we analyze the essence of the cluster approach in Bulgaria within European policies, aimed at supporting the development of clusters. An emphasis is put on the priorities identified in the National Development Strategy of Bulgaria for the periods 2005-2015 and 2012-2022. Particular attention is paid to the state's and local authorities' roles in the formation and implementation of cluster policy. We systemize services provided through indirect non-financial instruments to support cluster development in the EU and cluster initiatives in Bulgaria. We demonstrate positive experience in implementing the cluster approach in Bulgaria by considering a specific region, namely Sevlievo Municipality.

The article describes the reasons for low educational attainment levels among Indigenous peoples in Canada as compared to the non-Indigenous population. We examined intra-Indigenous trends in educational attainment and compared attainment levels between Indigenous and non-Indigenouspopulations in Canada across high school and post-secondary education (PSE). Indigenouspeoples' educational attainment in Canada is improving: post-secondary attainment increased by 86 percent between 1996 and 2011. This tendency is observed for Metis, off reserve, and non-Status Indians. We justify regional policies aimed at developing the emerging trends for Indigenous peoples' education in Canada.

Fluorophosphatometallates with the composition K₃H₃Zr₃F₃(PO₄)₅, Rb₃H₃Zr₃F₃(PO₄)₅, Rb₃H₃Hf₃F₃(PO₄)₅, CsH₂Hf₂F₂(PO₄)₃×2H₂O are studied by ³¹P, ¹⁹F, and ¹H NMR. It is found that protons enter in the composition of hydrophosphate groups and fluorine atoms occupy the terminal sites in the tetravalent metal environment. Schemes of the crystal structure of fluorophosphatometallates are proposed. It is established that in CsH₂Hf₂F₂(PO₄)₃×2H₂O water molecules are bonded to the phosphate group proton via a strong hydrogen bond and are characterized by a low energy barrier of molecular motions.