V. R. ANTIPENKO1, S. S. ZHBANOVA1, O. N. FEDYAEVA2, A. A. VOSTRIKOV2 1Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia 2Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: natural asphaltite, supercritical water, thermolysis, nitrogenous bases, composition
A comparative analysis of the composition of low-molecular nitrogenous bases (NBs) in high-sulphur natural asphaltite and liquid products of its conversion in supercritical water (SCW) at 400 C and 30 MPa with and without the presence of aluminium and zinc additives was carried out for the first time. Based on the results of analysis of NB extracts by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry, the trends have been revealed in the changes of structural-group and molecular composition of various NB types due to changes of the conditions of SCW-conversion of asphaltite. It has been discovered that the homologous series of basic aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds containing from two to five aromatic rings are present in all the studied NB extracts from conversion products. The addition of aluminium and zinc promotes the formation of additional amounts of non-substituted structures or the structures containing smaller total number of carbon atoms in alkyl substituents, as well as pentacyclic azabenzopyrenes, dibenzoacridines and tricyclic phenylquinolines. A change in the relative content or appearance of the above-listed NBs in SCW conversion products points to the presence of such nitrogen- and nitrogen-sulphur-containing structural fragments in the resin-asphaltene components of natural asphaltite.
V. SH. ASLANOV1, K. M. SAMEDZADE1, E. B. GAHRAMANOVA2, I. A. TALIBLI1, U. N. SHARIFOVA1 1Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Ministry of Science and Education, Baku, Azerbaijan 2Azerbaijan Technical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Keywords: catalyst, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, natural gas, granulation sulphides
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants emitted from sulphide-containing ore processing and fossil fuel combustion. Efficient utilisation of SO2 is a significant task both from the environmental perspective and within the framework of industrial technologies improvement. Investigation of the autocatalytic action of sulphide phases formed on the surface of X18H9T(10T) steel on SO2 reduction using gaseous reducing agents has been carried out. Taking into account literature data, it has been concluded that during the reduction process, mainly iron sulphides (pyrrhotine (Fe1-xS) and pyrite (FeS2)) are formed on the surface of steel, as well as, to a lesser extent, sulphides of nickel (NiS) and chromium (Cr2S3). Sulphide phases formed under the action of reaction medium have been revealed to provide high catalytic activity and synergism in SO2 reduction. In the presence of iron, nickel and chromium, more active reducing agent, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is formed, which, in turn, amplifies the synergistic effect and intensifies the catalytic process. It has been determined that the addition of Cr and Ni (up to 5 wt% of each element) to iron sulphide phases provides an increase in catalytic activity. These modified sulphides exhibit efficiency not lower than that of the sulphides formed on the surface of X18H9T(10T) steel, despite the higher content of Cr (about 18 wt%) and Ni (about 9 wt%) in the steel itself. A distinguishing feature of the process is in catalyst formation directly during reduction process, which ensures continuous renewal of its activity without the necessity of additional regeneration. The potential for using metal alloys as carriers for self-generated catalysts for sulphur dioxide utilisation is demonstrated.
A.M. PLYUSNIN, A.V. UKRAINTSEV, A.O. BURKHISANOV, R.Ts. BUDAEV
Dobretsov Geological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: sandy deposits, chemical composition of sands, sand fractionation, longshore transport, coastal abrasion, Sor Cherkalovo Bay
The article presents the results of the study of the formation patterns of the island chain separating Sor Cherkalovo Bay from Lake Baikal. The results of the study of the granulometric and chemical composition of the sands that compose the islands located in Sor Cherkalovo Bay and the Selenga River delta, as well as the coastal terraces, are reported. It is shown that during the high-water period of 1983-1994, intense abrasive destruction of the southeastern coast of Lake Baikal occurred. Based on the author’s calculation methodology, it is shown that abrasion in the area under consideration destroyed 27,6 m of coastal terraces over a 10-year period. Hundreds of thousands of tons of loose material were carried into the lake’s waters. It was revealed that abrasion-accumulation processes resulted in the separation of the sand material into fractions. Sands with a particle size greater than 0,25 mm remained on the beach at the site of coastal terrace destruction, while the finest fraction of sands, with a particle size less than 0,14 mm, was carried by waves into the lake, and particles with a particle size of 0,14-0,25 mm began to move along the shore with the current. In the area of Sor Cherkalovo Bay, under the influence of water flows from the Selenga River, the velocity of the longshore current slowed, and sand material began to accumulate as bottom deposits. During autumn storms, the resulting bottom deposits formed sand ridges and then bars due to bottom transport. Over time, fine dust and plant seeds carried by the wind from the coast of Lake Baikal transformed the sand bars into islands. The 0,14-0,25 mm sand fraction, which played a major role in the formation of the island chain under consideration, makes up a significant portion of the deposits on the coast of Lake Baikal. Its accumulation in coastal deposits is associated with aeolian winnowing of sands. The article presents satellite and UAV images of the islands. The photographs show the morphological forms of the islands associated with the movement of sands by waves and water flows from the bay into Lake Baikal. A diagram of the formation of the island chain in Sor Cherkalovo Bay is provided, indicating the direction of flows of water and suspended matter.
D.O. ANDREEVA1, L.S. LEBEDEVA2 1Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 2Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia
Keywords: river freezing, runoff duration, climatic factors, landscapes of Central Yakutia, small and medium-sized rivers, permafrost
An analysis of spatial variability of the runoff duration and its relationship with catchment area, river streamflow, and climatic and landscape factors was carried out for freezing rivers of Central Yakutia based on daily water discharge data from 23 operating and closed hydrological gauges. It was found that rivers in northeastern Central Yakutia are characterized by a later onset of the runoff period in spring and its earlier end, the presence of summer drying-up, and high interannual variability in the runoff duration. It was revealed that the length of the runoff period depends to a greater extent on its end date, which varies widely across the rivers of the territory, than on its onset date. One of the key factors determining the runoff duration and its cessation date is the size of the catchment, which serves as an indirect indicator of the proportion of groundwater recharge of streams. The duration of periods without runoff is significantly influenced by temperature conditions, affecting the freezing regime of soils, which prevents underground recharge of rivers, and the intensity of evaporation, reducing the moisture reserves in the catchment area, which can lead to summer drying-up and an earlier end of the runoff period. Precipitation has a weak effect on the runoff duration. It was also found that winter precipitation has a stronger impact on the annual river runoff depth than summer precipitation. An analysis of the relationship with landscape factors revealed that the prevalence of watershed-eluvial and slope deluvial-solifluction terrain types in the catchment area contributes to an increase in the runoff duration, while alas and inter-alas types reduce it.
P.S. BELYANIN1, G.S. MIRZEKHANOV2, V.V. IVANOV3 1Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia 2Mining Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia 3Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: Unya-Bom gold-bearing region, palynological analysis, radiocarbon dating, Karginsky megastadial, climatic optimum, paleovegetation
The evolution of valley ecosystems of the Bom River (middle Amur River region) has been reconstructed over several climatic cycles of the Late Pleistocene, corresponding to the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3. The results of the spore-pollen analysis of peat and loam samples from a section of the first floodplain terrace of the Bom River, supported by radiocarbon dating of wood remains and peat, revealed evidence of repeated and significant changes in valley vegetation during climatic fluctuations of the first half of MIS 3. It was found that the warming that started at the beginning of MIS 3 caused the development of spruce-birch forests with Scots pine and alder in the valley. It has been revealed that, apparently, the forest-tundra plant formations, dominated by alder shrubs, shrub and arborescent birches, alder, and larch, which predominated during the preceding, colder era, have shifted higher up the slopes. During the climatic optimum of MIS 3, tree vegetation in the Bom River valley became even more widespread. The main ecosystems of the lower slopes were represented by spruce-small-leaved forests with Scots pine, as well as broad-leaved species such as elm, Mongolian oak and hazel. However, in the swampy areas of the valley, larch sparse forests and sphagnum bogs with dwarf birch and shrubby alder persisted. The process of sedimentation of loams and peat rich in pollen and spores was interrupted during the formation of a thick (7,2 m) layer of boulders and rubble. Significant changes in the taxonomic composition of the palynospectra and the complex lithological structure of the studied section, including transitions from alluvial and biogenic sediments to coarse-grained deposits, indicate significant changes in the natural environment in the Bom River valley during the Late Quaternary.
S.I. VIOLIN1, K.V. GRIGORICHEV1, G.B. DUGAROVA2, N.V. EMELIANOVA1,2, Yu.A. KIREEVA1, K.N. KOMLEVA1, A.M. NESTERENKO1, V.A. RUDNEVA1, K.S. TSZIAN1 1Federal Research Center “A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences”, Irkutsk, Russia 2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: master plan, urban development, urban planning, development strategy, Federal Chemistry Center, single-industry city
The article considers the concept of a “master plan”, concluding that the development of master plans is a modern approach to integrated territorial development, but there are significant gaps in their theoretical justification and insufficient experience of practical implementation. At the same time, master planning has significant potential and can become an important component of the strategic and urban planning system. It is noted that more than 60 master plans for cities and urban agglomerations have already been developed in the Russian Federation; however, the issue of their development has not yet been legally regulated. It has been revealed that there is no consensus among experts regarding the place that a master plan should occupy in the system of strategic documents for territorial development. The aim of the study is to present the main results of a comprehensive analysis of the development of the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye as the first stage of preparing a master plan for this municipality. The article also highlights the city’s competitive advantages, prospects, and key constraints to its development. The following aspects are identified as the main advantages: a favorable economic and geographical location, the presence of its own natural resource base, persisting industrial potential, the presence of a preferential regime for carrying out economic activity, a developed small and medium-sized business sector, and a high provision of well-appointed housing stock. It is emphasized that the city’s main prospects are currently associated with the implementation of large investment projects, the elimination of accumulated environmental damage, and the creation of the Federal Chemistry Center. The most significant restraining factors identified are unfavorable demographic trends, low living standards and quality of life of the population, high level of deterioration and insufficient development of engineering and public utility infrastructure, unfavorable environmental situation and low provision of own budget revenues. It is noted that additional research is needed to assess the current and projected environmental situation, as well as the reasons for the high level of unemployment in the city’s economy and its structure.
A.N. SALUGIN
Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated Land Reclamation and Protective Afforestation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
Keywords: mathematical modeling, differential equations, Markov chains, stability, destabilization parameter, autonomous pulse processes
The article presents methods of mathematical modeling in the study of the dynamics of phytocenoses of soil-plant systems in arid zones of the south of Russia. The models are developed on the basis of continuous and discrete formalisms. The results obtained in the form of analytical expressions in continuous models were used to identify the conditions for the existence of a stable state of pasture ecosystems by applying the destabilization parameter. Quantitative relationships between the permissible pasture load and the calculated destabilization parameter obtained from Markov chains were determined. The conditions for the stable functioning of pastures are discussed, demonstrating the capabilities of continuous models in the form of systems of ordinary differential equations and discrete ones: Markov chains and autonomous pulse processes. Under anthropogenic loads on pastures, Markov chains adequately reflect the nonlinear dynamics of pasture ecosystems and predict their final steady state. This state serves as the starting point for determining the destabilization parameter, which determines the degree of ecosystem deviation from equilibrium. It is shown that homogeneous Markov chains can be used to generate short-term forecasts and manage pasture forage reserves. Using autonomous pulse processes, a model of the dynamics of phytocenoses of natural pastures was developed. Computational experiments were conducted to determine the optimal model parameters corresponding to the steady-state regime and optimal pasture exploitation. The formalism of autonomous pulse processes was used to study the dynamics of interactions between pasture phytocenoses and to determine the optimal parameters of the binary interaction matrix when solving problems of pasture bioresource management. Mathematical modeling as a method for studying the dynamics of soil-plant ecosystems in the form of natural pastures is presented as one of the main research methods in the ecology of soil ecosystems.
A.B. GLEBOVA, I.S. SERGEEV, A.S. KAPKINA, E.M. PAUTOVA
Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: landscape, archaeological sites, geoinformation systems, digital elevation model, analysis of variance
The article presents the results of identifying landscape patterns in the distribution of archaeological sites in Southwestern Tuva and constructing a predictive model of the locations of as-yet-unexplored objects based on a neural network. The analysis was carried out using geoinformation systems and a machine learning algorithm. For this purpose, a database of archaeological sites in Southwestern Tuva was compiled based on literary sources and the authors’ field research. Using a digital elevation model and available archaeological data, a geoinformation analysis was carried out and distribution diagrams for archaeological sites were created based on nine landscape features: absolute height, slope inclination, slope aspect, position relative to watercourses, height above the waterline of a nearby watercourse, solar radiation intensity for December and June, visibility of mountain peaks, and distance from mountain peaks. Based on the analysis of variance for known archaeological sites, a diagram of the importance of landscape features was constructed. The distance from the watercourse and the height above the waterline of the nearby watercourse played the greatest role in choosing the locations for religious structures. According to the resulting predictive model, religious sites can be found primarily along the western periphery of the Khemchik depression, along the river valleys flowing toward this depression, and along the river valleys in the southwest of the study area. The accuracy of the predictive model was approximately 85 %. The obtained data make it possible to assess the role of landscape features in the distribution of archaeological sites and provide an opportunity to search for new archaeological sites.
The article presents the results of the study of the coevolution processes of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada. The author used system analysis tools and traditional methods of socio-economic geography (zoning and regionalization) adapted to the study of the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories as a methodological basis. A retrospective analysis of the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada provides the basis for identifying three stages, namely: from 1960 to the 1970s; from the 1970s to the late 1990s; and from 2000 to the present. The stages differ from each other not only in the scale and structure of tourism activity, but also in the nature of its interaction with the economy of the northern territories and the system of institutions of economic development. It has been revealed that the coevolution of tourism and economy results in changes in the trends and forms of spatial organization of the tourism industry, on the one hand, and spatial economic systems, on the other. A spatial approach to studying the coevolution of tourism and economy of the northern territories of Canada makes it possible to uncover the geographical essence of phenomena and processes, their spatial organization, and changes over time, which is associated with the highly dynamic nature of the boundaries of tourist regions, due to the cyclicity of natural processes and the non-linear nature of evolution of tourist regions. Based on the analysis of Canadian regionalization practices, we identified a network of 16 tourist regions of the northern territories and proposed a typology of tourist regions of the northern territories: monocentric, linear-nodal, and network ones. Potential areas for transferring Canadian experience in the spheres of organizing scientific research and regulating tourism activities, taking into account the specific features of the Russian North, have been identified.
13 июня 2026 г. исполняется 100 лет со дня рождения выдающегося географа-климатолога, медицинского географа Владимира Ивановича Русанова, участника Великой Отечественной войны.
