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Paradoxes of aggregation naturally arise both in the analysis of causal dependences by means of probability formalizations and during the solution of real practical tasks with the help of statistical methods. It is argued that all known approaches to the analysis of paradoxes are reduced to a (more or less strict) formulation of certain conditions which make the paradox impossible. From the pragmatic point of view, a more important task is the methodology of decision-making when the paradox obtains. The methodology of decision-making is based on the concept of paradox force introduced by the author. The methodology of effective decision-making is justified for situations with a robust reverse connection of homogeneity of data and the degree of realization of the paradox.

The article examines the correlation between reflective and intentional types of mental states with the conclusion that every reflective state of mind is intentional. The reverse statement is false. Owing to intentionality being a special property, consciousness in reflection can be split up into the given explicitly and the given as the background. The phenomenon of intentionality as such may be classified by the reflective criterion. The phenomenon of intentionality appears in all its power in deep reflection. It appears not only as the simple effect of switching the attention from one fragment of reality to another but as a never-ending primary act of consciousness addressing the world. Only due to the existence of the phenomenon of intentionality, the so-called splitting of mind in reflection turns out to be temporary and illusory.

The ontology of levels arranges objects created in the course of cosmic evolution by the degree of their complexity. This approach makes it possible to integrate the ontologies of scientific theories into a unified picture of the universe. The mechanism of transition from lower to higher levels, described from the point of view of thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes, allows to explain the emergence of new entities.

The atheistic account of the popular belief in the gods in the doctrines of Prodikos and Kritias is viewed as a manifestation of crisis of polis values.

A comparative analysis of biogenous and synthetic carbonate hydroxylapatite of various degree of crystallinity has been carried out. The analysis of chemical composition of enamel and dentine was carried out on an X-ray microanalyzer, that of the synthetic product on an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Crystallochemical characteristics were studied by X-ray diffractometry and molecular spectroscopy. Identity of structural characteristics and of the chemical composition of the specimens studied was demonstrated. Toxicological, mutagenic properties and histocompatibility of the synthetic apatite were studied. The material obtained was used for treatment of patients with defects of bone tissue.

The processes involved in treatment and processing of copper and nickel ores with the use of phosphoric acid solutions are investigated, as well as processes of precipitation of platinum metals with thiocarbamide and sorption of nickel and cobalt from phosphoric solutions. A technology is proposed for co-processing of copper and nickel ores from Noril'sk deposits and the apatites from Maymecha-Kotuy province. Advantages of this technology are: isolation of all valuable components from raw material in the form of high-quality primary concentrates, decrease in the amount of recycling products due to simplification of the technology, high coefficient of multipurpose utilization of raw material, which provides manufacture of additional products, absence of the necessity for expenses to build tailing and cake dumps, sulphur utilization in Clause process, which provides a decrease in environmental hazard, simplicity of instrumentation, simultaneous production of phosphoric fertilizers for the needs of agriculture in Siberia.

Results of experiments on low-temperature pyrolysis of sapropelite coals that can be used to develop scientific foundations of technology for processing of sapropelite fossil fuels in order to transform them into synthetic fuel and raw materials for chemical industry are described and discussed. Pyrolysis products have been obtained from sapropelite coals of various deposits with different degree of catagenetic maturity of the organic matter. The yield of liquid products for some coal samples was as high as 60 % (by mass). Liquid pyrolysis products have been studied ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and separated into fractions column chromatography and distillation. According to chromato-mass spectrometry the obtained fractions are complex mixture of hundreds of compounds. The bulk of pyrogenetic products of the samples consists of alkanes and alkenes of normal structure. The high yield of liquid pyrolysis products obtained from sapropelite coals permits considering them as a promising raw material for obtaining artificial liquid fuels. Similarly to the traditional use of petroleum, processing of these products with a wide use of fractionation and hydrogenization is necessary.

The operation of gas diffusion hydrophobized electrodes (HPE) made of black mixtures (hydrophobic soot A437-E and hydrophilic ones P702 and P805-E) during the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from oxygen is investigated. Changes in the characteristic length of electrode in the process under investigation depending on the highly develop three-phase boundary electrolyte

The effect of components ratio in the mixture composed of atactic polypropylene and hydrolytic lignin on the yield of products and composition of the light (b.p. < 180

The investigation of gypsum (calcium sulphate dihydrate), obtained in course of serpentinite processing, is performed. It is shown that the product is characterized by high ecological purity and meets the demands of the All-Union State Standard (GOST) to the 1st-rate gypsum. The gypsum binder made of the gypsum obtained from serpentinite corresponds to rapidly and normally hardening grades G-2