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Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has numerous applications. The high demand for ERT is stimulating the active development of equipment and technologies, as well as methods for analyzing, processing, and inversion of ERT data. The use of 3D electrode arrays for surveying complex geoelectrical environments is increasing due to the limitations and shortcomings of 2D electrode arrays. 3D electrode arrays often allow for increased spatial resolution and reliability in the inverted models. The advantages of 3D electrode arrays over 2D electrode arrays for ERT surveying often not obvious. Geophysicists often decline the use of 3D electrode arrays for this reason. This paper reviews ERT technologies that use 3D electrode arrays, methods for building of geoelectric models, their advantages and disadvantages. Based on mathematical modeling/inversion of ERT data, the advantages of 3D electrode arrays and the disadvantages of 2D electrode arrays are demonstrated. We conducted analyses of typical distortions in models and systematized them. We presented a simple 3D electrode array optimized for labor and cost, with current and potential electrodes located on adjacent profiles. We showed that models inverted by ERT data with 3D optimized electrode arrays do not have the distortions typical 2D electrode arrays. Thus, using 3D optimized electrode arrays, labor and cost can be reduced for field work without losing the spatial resolution of models inverted by ERT data. This opens the way for active use of the ERT with 3D electrode arrays to explore ore deposits.

The results of performance the magnetovariational sounding in geologically complex Eastern Kamchatka volcanic belt with the active at present time volcanoes are presented. In investigation the geomagnetic variations received at “Paratunka” observatory and its station “Karymshina”, which is about 18 km apart to southwest from it. Calculated at both site tippers were undergone to 3D inversion by means of ModEM program. During inversion the different start models as homogeneous half-space and the same including the water layer of the nearest Pacific Ocean, taken into account its bathymetry, were used. The carried out inversion let to define the conductive blocks in geoelectrical section at depth range about 10-50 km under volcanic belt. In order to test this result, the 3D inversion of tippers taken by means of solving the direct magnetotelluric task for model containing conductive blocks in the same depth range was performed. In the article the most characteristic horizontal slices and vertical sections of received evaluative geoelectrical model of study area, including Paratunka geothermal area and caldera Karymshina, are presented. The results obtained are compared with the results of a seismic tomography at S-waves, which were get in this region.

In conditions of high socio-economic uncertainty and multiple goals of investors, the use of multicriteria optimization in investment projecting allows finding balanced solutions that take into account various factors and preferences, which increases the efficiency and sustainability of investment projects. The article considers the problem of developing an intelligent computer software system for optimizing adaptive control of the investment design process. It is proposed to use network models and methods as a tool for economic and mathematical modeling of the solution to this problem. The paper presents a new optimization network economic and mathematical model that takes into account the presence of several options for acceptable technologies in the investment projecting process, various options for their implementation and using a vector objective function to assess the quality of project implementation. Based on solving a set of network modeling problems of investment projecting processes corresponding to acceptable technologies and various options for their implementation, using the construction of critical paths and the scalarization method of a specific vector objective function, a technique for solving the formed vector optimization problem is proposed. The developed original methodology allows to implement the process of automation and optimization of adaptive control of the investment projecting process based on network modeling, including coding of all operations of investment projecting, determination of interrelations of operations, sequence and terms of their implementation. Based on the proposed methodology, an intelligent computer software system for optimization of adaptive control of the investment prijecting process in the presence of several technologies and a vector target function has been developed and created. The created intelligent computer system OptimumInvest allows to implement automation, optimization and support of management decision-making using feedback in the implementation of complex investment projects.

The article proves that large language models (LLMs) are economically unviable for signature verification. The apparent low cost of token-based pricing is negated by LLMs’ catastrophically low accuracy (59 % error rate), leading to unjustifiably high expenses. Specialized CNN solutions are significantly more efficient and cheaper. LLMs are fundamentally incapable of analyzing details critical for biometrics. The economic paradox of LLMs turns their accessibility into a financial trap. The study proposes a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model for Russia, accounting for sanctions, and recommends using LLMs only as a pre-filter in hybrid systems.

This article examines and summarizes the academic discourse on defining the essence of transaction costs and methods for measuring them. Based on the findings of the study, a new methodology for measuring additional transaction costs arising from changes in the economic environment is proposed. An analysis of the dynamics and level of transaction costs in the Russian economy reveals the specifics of economic agents’ adaptation to uncertainty. The results of the study can be used for planning and implementing measures to improve economic institutions.

The relevance of the research is due to the need to rethink approaches to defining the boundaries of openness of statistical information in the context of modern geopolitical challenges. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the problem of the openness of statistical data through the prism of national interests and information security. The main results of the study demonstrate that the absolute openness or closeness of statistical data are extremes that do not meet the interests of the state. Unjustified expansion or narrowing of access to statistical data can lead to destabilization of the socio-political situation and increased external threats. The findings of the study confirm that the regulation of the openness of statistical data should be based on the principles of a balance between information openness and national security.

The article examines the situation of large families in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the structure of large families by federal districts has been carried out, the main motives for the birth of the second and third children have been identified, and socio-economic factors affecting the level of large families have been considered. Special attention is paid to government support measures aimed at increasing the birth rate and improving the living conditions of large families. The results of the study allow us to conclude that an integrated approach to family policy is necessary for the sustainable development of Russian society.

The official history of Russia-India relations began in 1953. This was preceded by a centuries-old tradition of trade and cultural exchange between our peoples. This article attempts to systematize the main milestones in the development of relations between the peoples of Russia and India, which served to create a solid modern foundation for trade and economic cooperation. The retrospect is relevant for understanding the existing Russia-India relations in order to identify new opportunities and areas for further expansion and diversification of trade and economic ties between our countries, which meets the strategic objectives of the Russian Federation.

Labor productivity is the most important indicator of the effectiveness of any organization. It is determined by the number of products produced / services sold and the labor costs for their production / sale. In conditions when an organization does not have the opportunity to increase volumes, but it is necessary to get rid of losses and increase the efficiency of using workers’ labor, one of the simplest tools for increasing labor productivity is to bring the number to the actual number. Despite the apparent simplicity of this solution, it involves the implementation of well-thought-out actions, an in-depth analysis of the consequences, and an assessment of the effects. The purpose of the study is to study the experience of personnel management as a tool for increasing labor productivity, identify the features and tools for bringing it to reality based on current standards, and form methodological recommendations for organizations using such a solution in their practice. Research methods: analysis and generalization of experience in managing the number of employees using the example of a division of an industrial enterprise. The analysis made it possible to formulate and identify methodological recommendations for managing the number of personnel in the company’s division with the assessment and receipt of the necessary economic effects. The formulated methodological recommendations can be used in the practice of organizing any industry, provided they are adapted to its specifics.

Using the example of the Isetsky granite quarry (Middle Ural taiga forest region), species diversity, aboveground phytomass, and projective cover of the living ground cover (LGC) were studied during the first years after reclamation under a forestry approach. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to assess the effectiveness of reclamation and the state of ecosystems on disturbed lands. It has been established that 1-2 years after the establishment of forest plantations, the number of LGC species on the surveyed sites ranges from 16 to 29. One year after reclamation, the aboveground phytomass varied from 101.8 to 130.3 kg/ha (oven-dry weight), and after two years, from 552.9 to 1056.5 kg/ha. Species diversity and aboveground phytomass tended to increase already within the first two years after reclamation. In the aboveground phytomass of LGC, synanthropic coenotype species absolutely dominate. Despite the significant number of LGC species, in all seven experimental variants with varying heaping soil-ground thicknesses, one or two species dominated in the aboveground phytomass, accounting for more than half of the total aboveground phytomass in a completely dry state. In the first year after completion of reclamation work, this is white goosefoot ( Chenopodium album L.), and in the second year, fireweed ( Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.), common sorrel ( Rumex acetosella L.), and white clover ( Trifolium repens L.).