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The functional and metrological characteristics of a new solar telescope designed to obtain quantitative data on large-scale magnetic fields (LMF) of the Sun are considered. The full automation of measurements, the application of CCD matrices in image scanning and spectra recording systems, and the optical diagram corresponding to the main purpose of the telescope significantly increased the efficiency, quality, and accuracy of measurements of the LMF and expanded the range of tasks in comparison with existing telescopes. The developed automated system of telescope control, measuring system, and software for real-time processing of measurement results make it possible to obtain LMF magnetograms with the required accuracy for about 15 min.

A new approach to distributed control systems (DCS’s) designed for automation of large, functionally complex technological objects with a large volume of input/output channels up to 10⁴ and more is developed and tested. The novelty of the proposed approach is to apply a common information highway for the interaction of all elements of the control system (input/output devices, control computers, workstations, and servers) or peer-to-peer distributed control environment (PDCE). The results are implemented in the Tornado-N DCS and applied in a number of power plants in Russia and abroad. The advantages of control systems with the PDCE architecture in flexibility, scalability, fault-tolerance, and performance over the classical multilevel systems are confirmed in practice.

A module of control of an acousto-optical modulator of laser radiation in a multifrequency mode on the basis of a multichannel synthesizer with direct digital synthesis of frequencies is described. Specific features of system operation during multichannel laser recording with controlled amplitude, phase, and frequency of the channels with automatic calibration of intensity in each channel are considered. Application of the system in a photoplotter for producing photomasks of printed circuit boards makes it possible to increase the resolution of the device and to improve stability and reproducibility of recording.

A new principle of aperture apodization for imaging and transform optical systems with controlled splitting of the output light beam into spatially selected diffraction orders and deflection of all higher orders beyond the operating region is proposed and investigated. Implementation of the principle is based on the use of regular gratings whose transmission coefficient in the useful zero diffraction order changes slowly from cell to cell, and excess light is coupled to higher orders and is screened with a field stop. To test the proposed principle, we designed, experimentally fabricated, and investigated an optical refracting telescope equipped with an apodizing filter with a binary amplitude circular structure and having the intensity of the first spurious diffraction peak of the point spread function 10 times lower than that in the embodiment without filter.

Results of experiments on photodesorption of molecular nitrogen from the glass surface are presented. The study is performed in vacuum glass cells whose internal surface is illuminated by a powerful pulsed lamp. The dynamics of the nitrogen density in the cell due to photodesorption is studied with the use of a mass spectrometer and a vacuum ionization lamp. A qualitative comparison of experimental data with results predicted by a developed theoretical model is performed.

Methods of Hilbert filtration of phase disturbances of the light field in the spectral range of source emission are discussed. The evolution of complementary vortex rings induced in an air medium by a pressure pulse on the hole in the combustor wall under various boundary and initial conditions is experimentally studied.

Two cellular automata models of an artificial biological cell, which can be elements of computing devices that mimic the properties of living organisms (growth, self-reproduction, and selfrepair), are presented. The models are based on the parallel substitution algorithm, which is a spatial model for representing fine-grained parallel algorithms and architectures. An artificial biological cell is constructed from a genome applied to the input tape of the cellular automata structure. The result is a model of an artificial biological cell, which contains a phenotype as a set of fixed data and a genotype as a set of mobile data.

A method of constructing optimal mask differentiating filters minimizing the level of the root-mean-square or systematic error of estimation of the anisotropic structure orientation observed in the presence of additive white noise is proposed. Results of a comparative analysis of the accuracy of gradient algorithms are presented. It is demonstrated that the use of optimal differentiating filters substantially increases the accuracy of the orientation estimation algorithm.

A class of wavelet filtration algorithms with two-parameter threshold functions is considered. An algorithm is proposed for solving the problem of choosing two threshold values, which allows estimating their optimal values with acceptable accuracy.

The use of the algorithm of real-time determination of local displacements of fragments (blocks) with due allowance for spatial and temporal coupling of motion is proposed for estimating the background component during detecting small-size dynamic objects (in the case of unknown motion of the observation system). The efficiency of this method is compared with that of the methods based on affine transformations of the image as a whole. It is demonstrated that this method is more efficient and ensures background suppression in the difference frame under the condition that it is presented by large zones deforming or displacing relative to each other.