Home – Home – Jornals – Advanced Search

The environmental aspect of business activities is considered in the vast majority of cases as an element of corporate social responsibility or as part of the social function of enterprises. Within the framework of this study, the goal was set to justify the feasibility of identifying the actual environmental function of business and to reveal its role and content. Such a step will allow, if necessary, to analyze it in isolation from the general social vector of development of private enterprises based on a separate concept. To achieve the goal, four tasks were consistently solved. Firstly, the essence and importance of the “green” transition within national economies is revealed. Secondly, evidence is provided of the priority of the process of greening business structures in comparison with other vectors of growth of the Russian “green” economy. Thirdly, the main provisions of the theory of environmentally oriented business are formulated on the basis of the concept of corporate social responsibility. Fourthly, the concept and components of the “green” function of business at the present stage are revealed.

The article presents the characterization of new approaches and technologies in congress and exhibition activities. As a result of the conducted research of a number of scientific sources, the author’s approach to the systematization of innovations in congress and exhibition activities is presented, which provides their division into four main groups: technological, communication, sustainable, organizational innovations. Characteristics and possibilities of the most relevant innovations from the point of view of increasing the efficiency of congress and exhibition activities are presented. The methodology for successful realization of new approaches and technologies in congress and exhibition activity in Russia is offered.

The article analyzes the policy of the Central Bank of Russia in three aspects: setting the key rate, the low level of monetization of Russia’s GDP and determining the causes of inflation. The transition of the Bank of Russia from a liberal to an ultra-liberal policy is proved, expressed in the policy of targeting inflation, the floating exchange rate of the ruble and the liberalization of cross-border capital flows. The logical error of the Central Bank in determining the consequences of raising the key rate is shown. It rises to stop the inflation of demand, and thus causes the inflation of production costs. As a result, the opposite effect is achieved - an increase in inflation. The same process is facilitated by maintaining a low level of GDP monetization and incorrectly determining the causes of inflation in Russia, which is non-monetary in nature in the country. The author concludes that in its policy of expensive money, the Central Bank relies more on political factors than economic ones.

This article is devoted to the contribution to the analysis of the balance sheet of one of the famous scientists in the accounting - Nikolai Alexandrovich Blatov. Being a model of flows of three types values, «Blatov’s Square» illustrates the boundaries of balance sheet as an enterprise model. Half of the requirements, noted by Blatov for checking the correctness of the balance, are subjective and cast doubt on the possibility of drawing up the correct balance sheet. Blatov is one of the first authors who presented algorithms for balance analysis techniques and formalized analytical procedures, calling it «economic analysis». These methods remain relevant. The calculation of turnover and liquidity indicators proposed by the author may complement the methods of modern practice. An assumption was made about the relevance of using knowledge of the balance studies in modern conditions. Based on the study of Blatov’s works, it can be concluded that to a greater extent it is advisable to internal rather than external users to apply his ideas for the enterprise analysis.

Based on the results of existing research and the empirical data obtained by the author, a number of conclusions have been made about the nature and degree of influence of the labor organization factor (labor force, actually living labor) on productivity and labor intensity in industries/sectors of the US economy. This analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2022, when the American economy, subject to an extremely high degree of servization, entered the stage of “re-industrial turn”, formed on the basis of a new sixth technological structure, characterized, in addition to technological innovations, by a significant increase in the role of a person - a qualified worker with creative content of work. Based on the results of regression analysis, the grouping of industries/sectors of the US economy according to the elasticity of productivity and intensity depending on the indicators of labor organization in American companies, expressed through the corresponding regression coefficients, allowed us to draw conclusions about the ambiguity in the nature and significance of the influence of the sought factor on the explained variables. Currently, a number of American industries are forced to use extensive forms of labor organization, in particular to increase the actual hours worked, in order to maintain profitability and competitiveness, despite increasing social costs. The identification of four groups of sectors of the American economy according to this criterion indicates a change in the structural policy of the United States, characterized by a sectoral focus in the field of stabilization and increasing productivity growth rates due to the organizational factor.

The transformation of traditional business models of public catering enterprises into their innovative version occurs under the influence of a certain set of external factors. The assessment, both negative and positive, of the influence of external factors should be carried out according to adapted methods suitable for the situation and the chosen industry. At the moment, a set of external factors that have a significant impact on the formation of successful business models remains insufficiently studied. The need for research is also due to the lack of a system of factors that must be taken into account when forming an adaptive business model for public catering enterprises. The purpose of the study is to form a system of factors that have a significant impact on the public catering sector, and to assess the nature of the influence of each factor on the activities of public catering enterprises. The research methods are: comparative analysis, statistical analysis, benchmarking, classification and ranking, Churchman - Akoff method, PEST-analysis. The result of the study is a developed system of factors that have a significant impact on the catering industry, and an assessment of the nature of the influence of each factor, as well as identified industry risks and identified strategies for responding to them. The authors conclude that the most significant factors influencing the formation of a successful business model in the field of public catering are: the sanctions imposed against Russia by some countries; increased investment in catering projects; increasing the importance of higher education; technological improvements, the introduction of modern technologies in the catering infrastructure.

The article examines theoretical approaches to defining the concept of “self-employment” as a special type of employment with its own forms of manifestation, as entrepreneurship, as a form of economic activity of an individual, as a special structure in a multi-structure economy, as a socio-economic phenomenon, as a phenomenon that can lead to the integration of the interests of society and people and others. It has been suggested that only a comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of self-employment, its genetic basis, qualities, properties and forms of manifestation will allow us to provide a substantiated author’s understanding of self-employment.

The intensification of the sphere of the study of critical thinking based on formal logical principles, found in the works of modern researchers, actualizes the appeal to the topic of logical analysis of language. The program settings of the course «Logic and critical Thinking» are focused on the thorough immersion of participants in the acute issues of the use of natural language. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the subjects of ambiguity in language and the operational tasks of pedagogical practice in critical thinking that arise in this regard. Understanding the experience of implementing an educational project is aimed at outlining the logical foundations of critical skills built through the prism of students’ reflexive vision. The framework of language and thinking problems is evaluated through ranking of course positions illustrating the possibilities of developing critical thinking through comprehension of language forms. The registered ambiguity is shown taking into account the requirements of the verbal or situational context in the application of the concept. The analysis of texts carried out in a practical lesson leads to the understanding of ambiguity as a linguistic norm that requires acceptance and appropriate cognitive support. The achievement of students becomes a competent vision of the content of the problem of ambiguity, characterizing critical judgment abilities in handling information. Attention is focused on the fact of terminological ambiguity, which implies the identification of clear meanings and deepening into the processes of cognition as such. The conclusion is made about the need for methodical development of the problem of ambiguity in language, since the focus on the subtleties of intellectual and speech mechanisms contributes to the formation of critical skills of project participants.

Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) was used to study the composition of bromides obtained upon selective cleavage (chemolysis) of the C-O bond of ether/ester bridges under the action of BBr₃ in oil components from ten oil and natural bitumen samples. It is shown that most of the samples under study demonstrate the absence of mono- and dibromides of alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, pregnanes and steranes, cheilanthanes and hopanes in the products of chemolysis. Monobromides of n-alkanes have been identified only in the products of chemolysis of oil components isolated from maltha of the Ashalchinskoye oilfield and the products of its biodegradation under laboratory conditions. In total, the identified products of selective cleavage of ether/ester bridges include mono- and dibromides of alkylbenzenes: mainly (С₁₃-С₂₂)-alkyltrimethylbenzenes, (С₁-С₇)-naphthalenes, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene and their homologues. Monobromides of C₆-biphenyl, C₄-tetralin, dibromides of (C₂-C₆)-benzothiophenes, (C₂-C₅)-biphenyls, C₁-tetralin, fluorene, and C₂-fluorene have been also identified. Tribromides of (С₂-С₄)-naphthalenes, С₂-phenanthrene, and (С₁-С₂)-fluorenes have been identified in a limited number of samples. In chemolysis products, dibromides occur more rarely than monobromides, while tribromides are much less common than dibromides. The results obtained indicate that the above-mentioned compounds are partially present in oils as structural fragments connected with other fragments of the oil components through one or much less often through two or three ether/ester bridges. The list of structural fragments linked via ether/ester bridges, their composition and relative content differ in oil components of different oil and natural bitumen samples. Ethyl esters of aliphatic acids from C₁₂ to C₃₂, with a clear predominance of even acids and a maximum corresponding to C₁₆ and C₁₈, have been identified in the products of chemolysis of almost all samples.

The physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of regenerated spent aluminium-cobalt-molybdenum hydrotreatment catalyst have been investigated under cracking conditions in the model systems n-dodecane - toluene and decalin - toluene - n-hexane. A series of experiments to study the catalytic activity of the sample was carried out using a flow-type laboratory installation within the temperature range 430-470 °C, nitrogen pressure 1.6 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity 0.5-3.0 h^-1. The directions of transformation were determined for paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Paraffin hydrocarbons enter into cracking, isomerisation and compaction reactions. Naphthenic hydrocarbons are transformed into the products of isomerisation, dehydrogenation and compaction. Predominant dehydrogenation of decalin with the formation of naphthalene and hydrogen is observed in the system under investigation. A positive role of hydrogen in thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues is observed due to the hydrogenation of nonlinear olefin hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbon intermediates, which decreases the rate of coke formation. The corresponding reaction rate constants were calculated, and the results were analysed. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of introducing a regenerated spent hydrotreatment catalyst into the procedure of thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues.