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One of the promising approaches to solving the problem of producing low-cost photodetector arrays is to develop diode arrays based on structures with PtSi/poly-Si Schottky barriers produced by standard CMOS processes. In creating such structures, several problems arise, and the present study is aimed at solving such problems. The diffusion of hydrogen atoms from a Si₃N₄ layer into a silicon film at room temperature at the step of formation of a Si/Si₃N₄ layer is detected and studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In studying the formation of PtSi/poly-Si layers, it is found that an interface film consisting of Pt₃Si and Pt₂Si silicides is formed on the surface of poly-Si during magnetron sputtering of platinum. When the Pt/(Pt₃Si+Pt₂Si)/poly-Si structure is heated to ∼ 300°C for 30 min, the transition of the Pt₃Si phase to the Pt₂Si phase occurs. A further increase in temperature leads to the formation of the PtSi compound; at the temperature of 480°C, all silicides completely transform into the PtSi phase.

The effect of coatings containing dysprosium or erbium ions on the properties of photosensitive structures based on porous silicon is investigated. The current-voltage, capacitance - voltage and spectral characteristics of structures with a p-n junction and films of erbium or dysprosium fluorides, as well as structures with an oxide layer of a complex composition containing erbium ions, are measured. The effect of X-ray radiation with a quantum energy of 6.9 keV on the photoelectric properties of structures with a porous layer and a coating of erbium fluoride is studied. A noticeable effect of the coating on the characteristics of the structures is shown.

The photoluminescence of float-zone silicon irradiated with high-energy xenon heavy ions (167 MeV) has been studied. In the photoluminescence spectra at low temperatures, in addition to the known X, W, W’, and C lines, a wide band appears in the region of 1.3 - 1.5 µm. With an increase in the irradiation dose in the range of 5·10¹⁰ - 10¹³ cm^-2, a decrease in the intensity and narrowing of the photoluminescence band is observed with a simultaneous shift of the maximum to the long-wavelength region. During subsequent annealing at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 ^oC, changes in photoluminescence spectra are observed, associated with the transformation of the structure of defects in silicon. The temperature dependence of photoluminescence in the range from 10 to 170 K is studied for samples after irradiation with various doses and annealings.

The knowledge of the photoresist refractive index is useful for a number of applied tasks of controlling microelectronics technological processes, as well as for experimental studies of the characteristics of prototyped diffractive and micro-optical structures with deep microrelief. As this optical parameter depends on the photoresist treatment conditions, the spectral dependences provided at times by manufacturers may be insufficient. Research results of determining the refractive index dependence of positive photoresists S1818 G2 (MICROPOSIT) and FP-3535 (FRAST-M) in the wavelength range of 500-1600 nm on preliminary heat treatment conditions in the range of 15-30 min and exposure to actinic radiation are presented. The treatment of the investigated photoresists to obtain the refractive index within 1.61-1.64 in the visible spectral range and 1.59-1.61 in the near infrared spectral range of the emission spectrum is provided. An anomalous dispersion zone in the 570-640 nm wavelength range has been detected in films of the S1818 G2 dyed photoresist, which is often used in experimental characterization research in diffractive optical element prototyping. The dispersion curves for the Russian photoresist FP-3535 have been obtained for the first time.

The Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025 provides Russian regions with the choice of prospective economic specializations, which are often summarized in the concept of “smart specialization." One of such prospective specializations is financial and insurance activities. An analysis of existing approaches to defining regional specialization has revealed the possibility of including financial and insurance activities as specializations of Russia’s individual constituent entities. Detailed statistical material on prospective economic specializations, including financial services and insurance, is defined in the Atlas of Economic Specialization of Regions. The object of observation is the Siberian Federal District and its five constituent entities (Altai Republic, Altai Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast), which have chosen financial services and/or insurance as their branches of specialization. We propose a methodology for ranking the capabilities of financial market participants in these constituent entities of the Rassian Federation. Based on the developed methodology, the city of Novosibirsk has been considered a potential capital of the regional financial market of Siberia. Using the main elements characterizing institutional and instrumental approaches to the formation of the financial market, we suggest the ways of creating a regional financial center in Novosibirsk.

The digitalization of organizations, households, and management is accelerated by information and communication technology (ICT), which leads to the economic growth of countries and regions in the knowledge economy. Russia is inferior to developed countries in investing in the knowledge economy sectors and in how much these sectors contribute to GDP. Although ICT has a decisive role in the digitalization of regions, digital heterogeneity and fragmented knowledge economy at the mesolevel hold back the growth. This paper aims to assess how regional economic growth is impacted by expenditures for developing the knowledge economy, including the ICT sector, and the digitalization indices of households and organizations. We propose and test an econometric model of endogenous growth using data from Rosstat and the Higher School of Economics. Digitalization indices of households and organizations in 80 regions have been generated for 2017. The top five regions in terms of the highest household digitalization index are as follows: Moscow Oblast, the Republic of Tatarstan, Tyumen Oblast, Moscow, and St. Petersburg. The same ranking for the organization digitalization index would be Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast, Stavropol Krai, and Tambov Oblast. Many Asian Russian and Transcaucasian regions lag significantly behind. We confirm a hypothesis that spending on ICT leads to an increase in GRP per capita by 1 p.p. and is complementary to the higher education spillover. Digitalization indices have positive but statistically insignificant regression coefficients. Expenditures in other knowledge economy sectors, such as science, higher education, and healthcare, which form human capital, were not able to affect regions’ economic growth meaningfully in 2017, possibly due to their “underfundedness" (compared to developed countries). The article concludes that there is a need for systematic actions in managing all knowledge economy sectors, knowledge spillovers, domestic science and ICT breakthroughs to ensure the economy of Russian regions grows under digitalization. Our findings may be useful for managing the knowledge economy in digitally transforming Russian regions.

Kaliningrad Oblast is an exclave region of the Russian Federation, which means its vulnerability in political and economic terms, as well as in self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs. Low investment attractiveness of the farming industry, staff shortage and many other issues jeopardize food self-sufficiency in the region. The aim of our study is to assess the current state of food self-sufficiency for Kaliningrad Oblast at the municipal level and to identify bottlenecks hindering its achievement. The indicator of self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs is taken as the most representative one. The author has proposed an adapted method for calculating municipality self-sufficiency. We use calculated indicators of the required production volumes in accordance with rational consumption standards. This made it possible to obtain an objective assessment of how the municipal formations in Kaliningrad Oblast can provide their residents with basic types of products. The results obtained have showed that the region as a whole has a rather low level of self-sufficiency in the primary agricultural produce. At the same time, several districts have not achieved self-sufficiency in any of the foodstuffs under consideration. However, we believe that many municipalities have the capacity to increase agricultural production, as evidenced by the growth of self-sufficiency indicators over the studied period. The decision-makers regarding the development of agricultural production and food industry in Kaliningrad Oblast should strengthen the support for agricultural producers in promising municipalities.

The problem of demographic development in Russia and its regions has been a pressing one for many years and is likely to remain such for the foreseeable future. Moreover, a set of heterogeneous factors leads to a worsening of the situation in the field of fertility. The hypothesis of this study is that the level of development of social infrastructure largely determines the dynamics of the fertility indicator. The aim of the research is to analyze the changes in the level of fertility in the regions of Russia and to form a forecast for the medium term. The article reviews relevant scientific works, analyzes the level of fertility and changes in domestic reproductive behavior, groups and ranks the regions, develops an econometric model to describe the impact exerted by the level of social infrastructure development on fertility, and forms a scenario forecast for the fertility situation in the Russian regions. It is shown that the decline in the birth rate is due to a range of reasons, many of which can be adjusted to a very limited extent. The forecast of the situation development according to different scenarios assumes that the relatively low birth rate will remain until 2024 even in the most favorable conditions. Combined with other factors, this increases the threats to the sustainable demographic development of the country overall. The proposed toolkit can help make evidence-based decisions in public administration practices when implementing regulatory measures in social and demographic policy.

One of the reasons for the outflow and decline in the quality of human capital in Russian regions is educational migration, which is influenced by many factors, including the geography around schoolchildren’s educational choices (which university and where it is located) and further non-return of university graduates to their place of origin. The article considers the spatial features of schoolchildren’s educational choices in the region, using the Republic of Bashkortostan for a case study. It identifies how much highly qualified personnel leave the republic by comparing the attractiveness coefficients of Russian universities with the share of highly qualified personnel in the in- and out-migration. Spatial aspects of educational choices are analyzed through a questionnaire-based sociological survey of schoolchildren attending 10th and 11th grades in urban and municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan as regards their selection of a place of study. We investigate the results of such a choice depending on the student’s place of residence, class profile, and family wealth. The territorial distribution of schoolchildren’s preferences by municipal and urban districts is studied in relation to the ratings of universities in neighboring regions and their geographical proximity.

The article examines the admission tracks of master’s students at the Southern Federal University (SFedU) in 2020 when Russian universities implemented the distant format of initial testing. The purpose of the study is to test hypotheses regarding the admission tracks to the master’s degree programs at SFedU and to analyze the most popular specialties in terms of admission strategies. Based on the admission data and a sociological survey of SFedU students, we outline the admission strategies according to the following criteria: break in study, change of university, moving to another city for bachelor’s studies, moving to another city for master’s studies. The study has shown the most and the least demanded areas of study and built up a potential master’s degree student profile. The master’s target audience could vary in age, strategy for selecting areas of study, and motives for enrollment. The hypothesis that the most popular track for master’s degree students is to continue their education at the same university without a break has not been confirmed. Admission strategies, including changing regions to get admission to a university, are typical of master’s students who choose unique programs. The study estimates that admission tracks outline more about the strong academic school these programs follow rather than target admission levels. We prove demand for individual educational routes among master’s students.