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The paper analyzes the current state of coal export in the east of Russia, namely the Baikal, South Yakutia and Far Eastern coals. The place of the Baikal and Far Eastern regions on an all-Russian scale is established. The advantages and disadvan tages of coal complexes in Eastern Siberia and the Far East of Russia are examined in terms of export potential, such as the quality of coal and proximity to foreign markets. The reasons for the development of the coal industry in eastern Russia in recent years are identified. The countries and regions of the world importing the Baikal, South Yakutia, and Far Eastern coals are identified. Each coal-mining region in the east of Russia, whose coals are exported, is investigated. The volumes of the export, the directions of supplies, and the types of coal shipped are determined. The transport infrastructure used for the export of coal within the Baikal and Far Eastern regions, including border crossings and cargo ports, is analyzed. This study also touches upon the problems and constraining factors of coal export, such as the limited capacity of Russian railways, their utilized capacity, high transport tariffs for coal transportation, as well as loaded cargo ports carrying out coal transportation and their overcharges. The possibilities of overcoming these problems and the constraining factors of coal export are considered, which include, first of all, reconstruction of railway sections carrying out coal transportation, modernization of cargo ports loading coal to sea transport, and improvement in the depth of processing of coal mined in Siberia. The possibility of building new rail links with border crossings on the border between Russia and China is analyzed. The main prospects for coal export to the East Asian market are determined.

The paper presents an assessment of the socio-economic environment of the areas with mining orientation in the structure of which the mining industry has already been developed or can be developed in the near future. Based on the results of the study, we ranked the districts according to the living standards and resource prerequisites for the development of the mining industry in the short term. The socio-economic environment considered by the municipalities of the Irkutsk oblast is signifi cantly differentiated both in terms of living standards and resource prerequisites for the further development of the mining indus try. However, we can identify some general trends existing at the present moment. Those territories where the mining industry has a long history of development and the raw materials have steady demand in the global and domestic markets (Bodaibo, Nizhneilimskii, Mamsko-Chuiskii districts and Cheremkhovo) have a well-developed social infrastructure. In areas where the development of the mining industry has only just begun or is planned in the near future, there is an urgent need to create and further develop a social infrastructure, which is complicated by environmental conditions (Katanga, Zhigalovskii, Kirenskii dis tricts, etc.). It is the high cost of the extracted raw materials and its demand that should contribute to this process.

The Baikal region (the Irkutsk oblast, the Republic of Buryatia, and the Zabaykalsky Krai) is considered in the context of distribution of component phenomena of the level of development and social well-being over the macroregions of the Russian Federation with account for the dynamics of these phenomena during 2005-2016. The macroregions of the Russian Federation are compared by the components of the level of development and social well-being. In terms of the status achieved in 2016 and relative to most of the positions considered, the Eastern Siberia, particularly the Baikal region, is the least advantageous as compared to the Far East, and the macroregions located further in the west seem to have the highest values. As for the dynam ics, there are two areas of relatively rapid growth in the Russian Federation. One of them is located in the west of the country and includes the Central Black Earth Economic Region, the Central Non-Black Earth Region, the Northwest, the Southwest, and St. Petersburg. The other one includes the Far East, mainly its oceanic part. The Baikal region is located in a vast area of relatively slow growth. The Irkutsk oblast lags behind the Republic of Buryatia and the Zabaykalsky Krai in terms of the rate of progression of some components of socio-economic development and prosperity. It is proposed that the transition of the Republic of Buryatia and the Zabaykalsky Krai to the Far Eastern Federal District (FFD) may improve this trend and, in addition, in crease the injustice in the distribution of material goods allowed in relation to the Irkutsk oblast.

The paper shows that an important factor in maintaining health in severe climatic conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is a balanced protein-lipid type of food recommended in SB RAMS. In 1992 the normative zoning established standards for the Republic of the protein:fat:carbohydrate (82.8:78.6:386.3 g/day), they were rather high for that period, but significantly lower than necessary, but their adoption ensured systematic social protection of the population. We analyzed the gradual reform of norms and limits of the regulatory zoning of the food basket in the Republic. It was established that the introduction at the regional level of two regulatory zones since the III quarter of 2002, relevant for this period, has led to a sharp deterioration in the socio-economic situation of the population. The structure protein:fat:carbohydrate (70.0:60.69:330.8) and the energy value of food in the food basket in the second regulatory zone have become practically comparable with the norms of the regions of southern Siberia. The norms protein: fat:carbohydrate (79.3:74.7:312.3 g/day) for 2013 remain below those recommended by the SB RAMS. On average, the deviations of protein and fat norms in the Republic in 2013 remained at the level of 1992 and amounted to 41 and 49 %, respectively. The paper demonstrates that the transformations are associated with a sharp decrease and slowdown in the growth rate of the living wage - the basic parameter of the socio-economic security of the population. The decrease in the level of social protection of the population was accompanied by an increase in mortality, especially from dis eases of the circulatory system and digestive organs. The largest contribution to overall mortality at both the regional and mu nicipal levels is made up of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system (44 %). It is necessary to change the normative zoning of the food basket with the maximum approximation of the norms to the protein-lipid type of nutrition to enhance the social security of the population of the northern territories.

This paper describes post-Soviet social and geographical features and trends in the development of migration processes in the historical and cultural macroregion of Siberia as a whole and with differentiation of 16 constituent regions. The study is carried out using information from the Rosstat database relating to the post-Soviet period, especially data from the 2013-2018 time interval during which no changes were introduced into the rules of statistical accounting of migration. The main post-Sovi et trends in the population migration of Siberia are as follows. First, a decrease in the volume of migration “at the place of residence” with an increase in the volume of migration “at the place of temporary residence”. Second, a centripetal intrare gional vector, a negative “western” interregional vector, and a positive vector of interstate migration. Third, depopulation in the migration of peripheral territories. Fourth, the slowdown of extensive urbanization due to exhausted rural demographic resourc es and rising prices for urban housing. Fifth, the improvement of suburbanization in the areas affected by the largest cities. Fi nally, the accumulation of population into the urban agglomerations of the trans-Siberian Economic Corridor. The migration trends manifested in individual regions are as follows. The maximal migration mobility is observed in the Khanty-Mansi Auto nomous Okrug (KHMAO), the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO), and the Altai Republic. A migration growth is observed in five regions (the Tyumen oblast, the Novosibirsk oblast, the Tomsk oblast, the Republic of Khakassia, and the Krasnoyarsk Krai), and a migration loss is manifested in the remaining 11 oblasts. The Tyumen, Novosibirsk, and Tomsk regions are the only regions with population growth from Russian territories. A migration gain from outside the Russian Federation is observed in all the above-mentioned regions.

This paper focuses on the problem of studying the demographic structure of the Irkutsk oblast in terms of reducing the number and proportion of young and working-age population. The indicators of reproduction of the population of the Irkutsk oblast for the period from 2011 to 2018 are analyzed. According to the UN scale, the proportion of elderly people over the age of 65 for the municipal districts, which determines the general pattern of aging of the population, is calculated. The cartograph ic method is used for grouping the territory of the Irkutsk oblast according to three types of age structures of the population: progressive, stationary, and regressive. It is shown that the demographic structure of the region’s population is territorially dif ferentiated: the progressive type is characteristic of the middle settlement area of the Irkutsk oblast and the Ust-Orda Buryat Ok rug, and the regressive type is characteristic for most urban districts and northern peripheral regions of the region. It is proposed to distinguish a transitional subtype from the progressive type of the age structure to the stationary type with a minimum difference in the proportion of ages younger and older than the working-age one. It has been established that the formulas for the age structures of the population of municipal districts are determined by the indicators of natural reproduction and the migration situation. According to state statistics, the forecast of the demographic structure of the population until 2036 is given. Currently, the region’s population is characterized by a transition from the stationary type of demographic structure to the regressive one.

This paper touches upon the regional settlement system as a tool for solving the main problems of territorial development of the Republic of Tyva. Revealing the economic content of this settlement requires one to focus on the settlement typologies, which makes it possible not only to estimate both the current level of socio-economic development of the region and the most important problems of a particular area, i. e., the problems related to the regional economy. Finally, the main attention is paid to the concept of developing a five-step hierarchical settlement system as a key solution to the most important and urgent regional problems: achieving the economically and socially well-balanced development of all territorial parts of the Republic and increas ing the level and living standards of the population.

The article presents the results of public health study in Buryatia (on the example of the cities of Ulan-Ude and Zakamensk) and Mongolia (on the example of the industrial centers of Ulan-Bator, Erdenet, Darkhan). Medical-demographic differences between analyzed territorial units are identified on the analysis of morbidity and mortality rates for 2010-2016. There is a certain similarity of morbidity and mortality in the urban areas of Buryatia and Mongolia. This is the prevalence of environ mentally significant diseases, such as neoplasms, respiratory diseases, diseases of the genitourinary system. On the example of Zakamensk it was revealed that in industrial single-industry cities an unfavorable environmental situation is formed even after the closure of enterprises.

The influence of environmental factor on the formation of the quality of life of the population and its special role in shap ing the quality of life of the population in industrial region (on the example of Kemerovo region) have been shown. The ap proaches to assessing the quality of life are analyzed. The main anthropogenic factors and their influence on the formation of environmentally disadvantaged living environment of the population of Kuzbass are revealed. The main reasons of high anthro pogenic pressure are established. The territorial assessment of the differences of anthropogenic impact (anthropogenic load index) in the Kemerovo region was carried out.

Studies have been conducted to evaluate the processes of natural and mechanical movement of the population of the regions of Siberia and the Far East in the post-Soviet period (using the example of the Irkutsk and Amur oblasts), the impact of these processes on the formation of labor potential. In both regions, from 1990 to 2017, the natural movement of the population was assessed as narrowed demographic reproduction, which did not ensure the formation of the necessary parameters of labor poten tial in the future. The processes of the mechanical movement of the population were characterized by a migration outflow of the population from the Siberian Federal District (SFD) and Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) to the western regions of Russia. The eastern vector of increase in the outflow of the population was noted: the relative indicators of the mechanical decline in the population in the EFD and the Amur oblast were significantly higher than the average in the SFD and the Irkutsk oblast. The most negative aspect of the influx of migrants from abroad is illegal migration. A set of measures is proposed to solve the problems of internal and external migration.