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Rapid rural population growth in Siberia, and mainly agricultural nature of its development prompted rural economy’s rationalization. Siberian agronomic services solved the task. The article deals with the history of creation, dynamics of development, main directions and results of governmental agronomy service’s activity based on the analysis of Soviet and contemporary Russian historiography, a complex of statistical and reporting data. Established in 1892, the government agronomic service served the needs only of old-settlers’ villages. Several separate agronomic organizations appeared in the following years working in the resettlement areas, and Cossack territories. In 1910-1912, the government took steps to consolidate agronomists from different government departments into united governorate and regional organizations. The main activities were pest control, creating experimental and demonstration farms, spreading agricultural knowledge. Statistic data show that human resources and financing of governmental agronomy in Siberia developed faster compared with European part of Russia. This made it possible to address the backlog related to the later establishment of government agronomy. Shortcomings in the work remained, but they were associated with objective factors of huge and sparsely populated Siberian territories. Weak impact on the peasantry was the most important problem of agronomic work. The rational organization of economy did not become the desire of the broad masses of rural population.

The article objective is to analyze the project of agricultural development adopted for West Siberia northern regions in 1935. Assessing prospects for their further development, regional authorities set the main task to create powerful grain base there. It was intended to supply local population and meet intraregional needs. Put forward by the regional authorities, the project was approved by the Centre. Within five years, the project assumed the double increase of the arable lands, the expansion of motor and tractor stations’ network, provision of northern farms with equipment, and animal husbandry development. The project included socio-political measures in addition to economic ones. According to the political leadership’s opinion, the kulaks opposition in collective farms of northern regions hampered implementation of the project. It justified carrying out a “cleaning” campaign against the management of collective farms, which took place in spring-summer of 1936. The objective reason for this was that the state agrarian policy was opposed by leaders and ordinary members of newly created collective farms in the northern regions. Besides, the post of party organizer was introduced in the collective farms of the northern regions. The project of agrarian development was not implemented, but the repressive campaign of 1936 became its most prominent episode. Acreages remained virtually unchanged, and new motor tractor stations were small and not provided with their own repair base. The reasons that led to the project failure included both overestimating the agricultural sector potential of northern regions, and shortcomings of the Soviet economy planned system. The subjective factor - changing leadership of the Novosibirsk region that was allocated from West Siberian territory in 1937 - played a certain role.

The article highlights the attempt of the transition to grass-fallow rotation system undertaken in the second half of the 1930s in Siberia. The analysis is carried out in the context of the Soviet state agrarian policy and ideological-theoretical struggle in the agronomic science. The author states that forced collectivization caused a deep crisis of agriculture. Refusal of crop rotations was one of the factors that led to decline of soil fertility and low yields. In 1932, the country’s leadership indicated the need to implement crop rotations in collective and state farms. Defining an optimal farming system for the country as a whole and its individual regions was the subject of a discussion between the supporters of fallow and grassfield farming systems. In 1933, the decision was made in favor of grass-fallow rotation system. Ineffectiveness of grass-fallow rotation with minimum fertilizers changed the viewpoint of the country’s leadership. The task to introduce grass-fallow rotation system was put on the agenda. The choice was based on the lack of mineral fertilizers, as well as the need to strengthen the husbandry fodder base. In late 1936, the government authorized the transition to grass-fallow rotation system in southern part of West Siberia. In June 1937, the Central Committee plenum of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) approved the transition to the grass-fallow rotation system at national level. At the same time, it was necessary to prevent reducing grain crops area. The grain loss caused by the widespread introduction of the grass rotation system was intended to be compensated by expanding the arable land area due to the virgin and fallow land development in the country’s eastern regions including South-West Siberia. In 1940, mass plowing of virgin and fallow lands began in the region. The rate of introducing grassland crop rotation was slow. In fact, the regional predominant farming system was a fallow crop three-field system in the early 1940s.

To optimize the reactant synthesis and improve the pressure property of Al/Bi2O3, the influencing factors in the dynamic pressure discharge of nanothermite reactions are investigated, including the oxide type, Bi2O3 particle size, and fuel-to-oxidant mole ratio. All samples are prepared by the ultrasonic mixing method. The synthesized Al/Bi2O3 composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. By using a closed bomb, the pressure discharge characteristics, including the peak pressure, ignition delay time, and pressurization rate, are obtained. Among the as-prepared nanothermites Al/CuO, Al/Fe2O3, and Al/Bi2O3, the latter shows the best pressure discharge performance. For the Al (100 nm)/Bi2O3 (47 nm) composite with an optimal stoichiometric ratio, the maximum peak pressure, the pressurization rate, and the shortest ignition delay time are 4559 kPa, 11.398 GPa/s, and 27.20 ms respectively. The results indicate that the nano-Bi2O3 particle size also produces a significant effect on the pressure output.

We have studied the effect of preload and the delay in application of pressure to the product of high-temperature synthesis under conditions of thermal explosion of a powder mixture of stoichiometric composition on the grain size in the synthesized Ni3Al compound, on the nature of its fracture, strength, and ductility.

The effect of the kinetic model of the thermal decomposition of wood on the results of prognostic modeling of the ignition of wood particles was analyzed. The results of mathematical modeling were verified by experimental studies of the ignition of wood particles in a high-temperature environment. Comparative analysis of the delays of ignition obtained theoretically and experimentally showed their good agreement. The prognostic potential of three substantially different kinetic models of wood pyrolysis was analyzed. It was established that the model of one-step pyrolysis with the formation of gaseous reaction products provides a good description of the thermal decomposition during thermal preparation (deviation from the times obtained using the three-stage pyrolysis model does not exceed 5%) in the whole range of heating conditions. Numerical simulation results show that consideration of thermal decomposition reactions of the second and third levels with the formation of intermediate pyrolysis products (liquid and solid) does not have a significant influence on the characteristics and conditions of ignition of wood particles in a high-temperature gas environment.

In this study, millimeter-sized magnesium particles are ignited using a CO2 laser. The flame structure, particle temperature, heat release region, and spectral information of the burning magnesium particle are determined. The experimental results show that the developing process of the particle temperature can be divided into five stages: gradually rising stage, steady stage, sharply rising stage, high-temperature stage, and descent stage. Through a series of ignition experiments, the ignition temperature of a magnesium particle ≈3 mm in air is estimated to be 900-940 K. During steady combustion, the maximum diameters of the flame and of the heat release region are found to be greater than the particle diameter approximately by a factor of 1.9 and 3-3.5, respectively. The experimental results also suggest that the combustion of magnesium in air should be controlled by vapor diffusion from the particle surface.

This paper describes the effect of the composition of energy condensed systems, containing glycerol trinitrate, aluminum powder, ammonium perchlorate, and HMX, on their ignition in an electric field with a frequency of 50 Hz. Conditions under which energy condensed systems ignite in an alternating electric field with a frequency of 50 Hz are determined experimentally. Temperature changes of their dielectric characteristics in a frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz are established. The possibilities of an electric breakdown and heating of the samples are theoretically estimated. It is revealed that electrical luminescence is observed in a polymer binder based on glycerol trinitrate and polyetherurethane.

Physicomathematical modeling of interaction of detonation waves in silane/hydrogen composite mixtures with clouds of inert micro- and nanoparticles ranging from 10 nm to 100 μm is performed. The normalized detonation velocity is calculated as a function of the volume concentration of particles. It is found that the efficiency of detonation suppression increases only as the particle diameter decreases to 1 μm. The influence of the thermodynamic parameters of particles on the detonation suppression efficiency is identified. The concentration limits of detonation are determined. It is demonstrated that a certain equilibrium asymptotic level of the concentration limits of detonation is reached as the particle diameter decreases below 1 μm. An approximation of the concentration limits of detonation is obtained in the form of an analytical dependence of the limiting volume concentration of particles on their diameter and fuel concentration in a composite two-fuel mixture of silane, hydrogen, and air.

This paper describes the experimental measurement of thresholds of explosive decomposition of PETN with inclusions of aluminum nanoparticles (an average particle diameter of 100 nm) with a static pressure of 0-0.288 GPa applied to the samples under the action of the first harmonic of pulsed (14 ns) neodymium laser. Amplitudes of optoacoustic signals as a function of concentration of inclusions in the samples with a fixed density of laser initiation energy are measured. There is a significant decrease in the initiation threshold, which is due to the fact that a gas-dynamic load is blocked and the sample density increases.