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The paper considers information reports of District departments of the Joint public political administration (OGPU) of the Ural region for 1924 both as the documents included in the system of information and analytical activities of law enforcement agencies and as a historical source. Within the source study research historical conditions of emergence of a source are analyzed, the characteristic to authors is given, circumstances of creation of the document are described, the analysis of content and interpretation of a source is performed. The conclusion about compilation nature of reports which performed functions both of informing and a report for superior organizations is drawn. In the course of data movement from informants to district representatives, and then from district department to regional management, information was significantly transformed (contracted and eliminated). Practically all aspects of production, public and everyday life of citizens got to the sphere of attention of OGPU that allows to use data as a source for studying of a wide range of problems. In particular, the social structure of the early Soviet society is considered in the reports, as well as loyalty of separate social groups to RCP(b), Soviet authorities and Red Army. The source includes the direct speech of citizens in a statement of informants, gives an idea of rumors which circulated among inhabitants. Contents of reports allow to consider the main tendencies of development of the early Soviet society, such as laicisation, social mobilization, democratization (Sovietization), technological progress (with emphasis on the idea of recovery of economy to pre-war level), an urbanization and educational development.

During the Stalin’s period, there were the facts of inter-regional competition in the USSR. The first such cases were dating back to the 1920s and concerned with the attempts to overcome the uneven territorial economic development of the USSR, which was due to the concentration of the major part of the country’s productive forces in the South economic region (the Ukraine’s Donbass). The Soviet government made an attempt to soften these disparities by developing the industry of the Urals (the Ural-Kuzbass project). The Ural-Kuzbass project faced strong criticism from the representatives of the Ukraine who were not ready to abandon the investments into their own industry for the benefit of the Urals and West Siberia. In 1930, in spite of the Ukraine’s resistance, the central authorities under personal influence of Stalin approved the construction of the Ural-Kuzbass project. The new phase of the competition between the South and the Urals started during to the Great Patriotic War. During the warfare and occupation, the Donbass’ industry was demolished, while the Ural-Kuzbass had become a strategic base of the Soviet military industry, and that led to a substantial increase of its enterprises’ role in the structure of the country’s economy. Supporters of the further development of the eastern territories of the USSR (including the Urals) attempted to take an advantage of that situation. There were proposals to restrict the scales of resurrection of the Ukrainian industry and to concentrate resources in favor of the further development of the industry of the Urals and the whole Soviet East. Those ideas did not find support in the central government, and after the war, the industry of the Ukraine was restored in full-scale. After the war, rivalry between the Urals and the Soviet western territories (primarily the Ukraine) continued in the form of contest for keeping the earlier evacuated skilled manpower and scientific & design organizations on their new spots, for capital resources and care of the central ministries and departments. There are also the reasons to claim that there was a competition between the Urals and the USSR’s North-West (Leningrad). The obvious instance was the debates around the realization of the Ural-Pechora project.

In the article two unique documents are introduced in scientific circulation the first time. The first is Memorandum of Leonid Brezhnev for Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Central Committee dated August 28, 1982 devoted to the development of grain farming. The second is the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee dated September 2, 1982 as a result of the discussion of this memorandum. The article describes a retrospective analysis of the grain problem in the Soviet Union, which escalation occurred in the late 1970s - early 1980s. The gross grain harvest decreased these years, but imports increased significantly. This was the reason for preparing the memorandum, which contained an assessment of the state of grain farming and proposals for the industry crisis management. Brezhnev believed that the main cause of low production were frequent crop failures, because of which USSR was forced to import grain. According to Brezhnev, the scale of using fertilizers, equipment, agriculture technology, adoption of optimal crop rotations, the expansion of crops enriching soils with nitrogen, especially alfalfa, should encourage to increase grain production and reduce imports. He offered to purchase new technology equipment in France to establish seed production of alfalfa. Actions to improve fodder production were also defined in the document. One of them was increase of soybean crops necessary for obtaining feed with protein content. It was required to organize purchase of soybeans and products of processing abroad before market saturation by means of own production. According to Brezhnev, imports of soybeans and technologies of alfalfa seed production were essential measures to let the country refuse from crops import. Reducing the crop import had to contribute increasing the capacity of feed industry. In conclusion the author emphasizes that the implementation of measures proposed in the memorandum didn’t solve the grain problem in the USSR.

Nowadays changes in the national museum world are caused by both economic conditions and society demands for historical, national and cultural landmarks, desire for self-identity. The dynamics of the museum world changes put questions of managing the heritage, including the theoretical ones - the problems of interpretation, authenticity, scientific content, historicism. Solving these problems is the most important element in organizing the process of the community self-reflection. The topics, to which museums intently refer since 2000s and that determine nowadays basic museum discourse are those of the world system of life arrangement: land, family/personality, order. In each of the above mentioned topics the urge for searching and preserving identity, using those cultural accumulations that actualize traditional values as opposed to transient novelty prevail. This subject-matter drastically determines the specifics and quality of the decisions that museums offer to their audience. All museum profile groups and types reflect designated processes one way or another, but in some of them it is the most bright and concentrated. Primarily these are museum complexes combining the characteristics of two or more profiles and types. Essential shifts in the nature of activity and conceptions of development of museum-reserves, local lore and memorial museums mainly occur. Only scientifically valid criteria for selecting artifacts and objects for museumification and objective view of historical and cultural processes can facilitate creation of vivid, emotionally charged and authentic field of historical memory. Just the problem of scientific selection, criticism and interpretation of sources becomes the most actual one in the modern museum practice, and especially in the work with diverse objects of multicultural heritage. Here a significant role belongs not only to museums but also to the society that is able to self-reflecting about what exactly should be preserved and passed to future generations.

The active process of national cultures revival led to the creation of ethnic-cultural associations in the country. This article analyzes the reasons for forming national cultural centers and identifies ways of public associations. Topical presentation and study of ethno-cultural associations were outlined in the structure of Kazakhstan People Assembly. From the scientific heritage point of view, it shows the contribution of ethnic-cultural centers in preservation and development of language, traditions, customs and national culture. Kazakhstan realized in practice the principles of tolerance, harmony and tolerance, which became the fundamental public policy priorities. Kazakhstan has created a unique socio-political institution - the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. Because of research activities of the Assembly it was concluded that ethno-cultural associations are one of the tools of civil consolidation of different ethnic groups and society as a whole, that the friendship of nationalities and national unity is a basic condition for Kazakhstan’s progressive development in the world. The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan - this is the united people of Kazakhstan. The preservation of peace, harmony and stability in the civil harmonious society is one of the most important achievements for the independent state. These sacred values have become fundamental to all citizens of Kazakhstan. In difficult conditions, the Assembly was able to create an optimal model of relations among all ethnic groups of the population. It is based on mutual understanding and tolerance, patriotism and civic responsibility for the destiny of the country and representatives of all ethnic groups. The author has discovered a vast volume of very interesting experience of ethno-cultural associations. Thus, ethnic-cultural associations as the Assembly of Kazakhstan People structure are active members of civil society in its consolidation.

The objective of the article is to review the biographic information and administrative activities of the commanders of military units of the Siberian fortified defense line, to research their contribution to ensuring the secure environment for the peoples of the Southern Siberia and adjacent territories as well as to the economic and cultural development of the region. The author has shown that the majority of the Siberian defense lines commanders was made by the descendants of immigrants from the former German lands, representatives of Baltic-German nobility who switched to the Russian service during the Great Northern War and successfully integrated into the Russian multi-ethnic society. By virtue of their origin, education, special training they were not only good performers of government policies, but also agents and leaders of many European innovations in Siberia being its “cultural avant-garde” Y.M. Lotman. Due to their knowledge and experience gained in military campaigns and during the construction of fortifications in the Caucasus, the descendants of the former German knights and other military experts were successfully solving complex tasks while participating in the process of the unified system of Russian defensive lines’ creation and made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development of the border area and Siberia in general. Their activity significantly intensified exploration and colonization of the vast region, facilitated safe living conditions there, and also led to the advanced production methods, new management culture, literacy, religious tolerance among the local population and, thus strengthening Russia’s influence on the southern borders of Siberia and adjacent territories.

The formation and development of the regional literary culture have always been greatly determined by the reader. At the turn of the 20^th century most of the reading public in Tomsk, as well as in Russia in general, were children. To study this readership it is very important to use informal sources that give much information about the individual perception of childhood as well as the child’s reading interests and needs. Among such sources is the children’s home library. Tomsk Regional Local Lore Museum Archive contains two inventory lists of editions that, judging by reader’s marks, uniform underlining and the owner’s autograph note, belonged to the library collected in Tomsk in the 19th - early 20th centuries by Vadim Efimov, who apparently was an educated man, preoccupied with questions of home education and competent in matters of pedagogy and youth literature. The editorial and publishing preparation of books in Efimov’s library demonstrates his good taste and consistency. The selection of books for the youth readership indicates that the library was focused on both male and female adolescents. Much of the collection consisted of works by foreign or Russian authors. Foreign literature was represented by modern fiction that was popular among children of that time and was included in the recommendation lists for family reading. Russian literature was represented by series of sentimental, moralistic and realistic stories. Efimov paid special attention to the works by Lidia Charskaya, which emphasizes the non-regulatory character of the home library, the freedom of the collector who wants to please the young reader. Due to the lack of special literature for children in various branches, the works on history and military arts were to widen the young reader’s scope of knowledge in history, while travelogues and essays on travel - in geography. The belles-lettres department of the library also included the works of Russian “adult” classics (Pushkin, Lermontov) published for children, so the entertaining popular literature was complemented by classics, prose - by poetry. The library also contained many popular scientific-educational editions mainly on geography and natural science. The books were selected so that the reader could get encyclopedic knowledge about the world in its system and relationships. It is not by chance that Efimov’s collection included the children’s fundamental encyclopaedic edition published by I.D. Sytin, which was considered best for that time. Finally, the library contained a number of binders of illustrated magazines. The analysis of the children home library in Tomsk reveals the attitude of the intellectual collector to the problems of home education, as well as gives information about the adolescent’s range of reading interests in Tomsk in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The problem of the role of Siberia in the First World War of 1914-1918 received less attention than the war political aspects or the combat operations course, including the participation of Siberian divisions. Due to the fact that Siberia was a rear region this role was reduced to conscript and train the replenishment for the army. At the same time, soldiers in the rear often committed various wrongdoings followed by punishment, as well as at the front. Apart from unauthorized absences and disrespect to the seniors, usual for all kinds of troops, there were specific ones manifested during replenishments delivery to the front. The issue of disciplinary problems in the army were somehow elucidated in a large number of historical studies, and adequately disclosed both in the whole Russia, and particularly with regard to the front-line situation. The most studied type of violation, without any doubt, was the desertion. However, the situation in the rear did not cause the same interest among researchers. The article objective is to characterize disciplinary and other misconducts of Siberian recruits and penalties for them evidently for soldiers of the chosen battalion (regiment), as well as to identify factors contributed to disciplinary violations committed in the unit. The study is guided by the principles of fairness and historicism, and apply scientific techniques of cognition (methods of analysis and synthesis, etc.). The article marks factors that contributed to the development of disciplinary problems in the rear, which are the officers’ staff, deferred sentences, specific features of the military legislation in the rear. It also presents the assessment of the regiment command activity, the situation has been recognized as satisfactory.

A number of scientists and philosophers have expressed doubts about the usefulness of the philosophy of science to scientists. The most special sciences do not provoke philosophical reflection. There is no exact definition of science, properly applicable to all special scientific disciplines. The epistemological square is proposed as a more clear analytical structure of the philosophical problems of science. It allows to organize the relationship, the genesis, the functioning of the laws, hypotheses, problems, methods, empirical facts, extensive taxa and highly specialized sciences. There are marked restrictions of T. Kuhn’s concept of paradigms. In many special sciences no revolution occurred. In the proposed “syntagm” concept the knowledge is borrowed from different disciplines and applies to solve new non-standard scientific problems and tasks. The thorough epistemological, logical and methodological analysis of the philosophy of science itself is necessary.

The article is deals with the comparison of expressive means of the standard first-order logic and IF-logic as the logic of mathematical discourse. The problem of the uniform continuity in Cauchy's theorem serves as an illustration of the analysis in both systems. It is shown that we can overcom limitations of the standard first-order logic in the IF-logic. Also, the fallacy of criticism of IF-logic as a vehicle for mathematical theorizing is shown.