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The article tries to define Mongolian neighbouring influence on Transbaikal economic structure and rates of development in the stated period. Mongolian involvement in Russian and later in Soviet sphere of interest had little effect on the development of the region which lagged far behind the economic modernization stage. Chinese (Sinhai) revolution and independence of Mongolia were of great interest to Russia: the Government was aware of the importance of Mongolia in realization of Russian political and economic interests in the Far East. The role of the starting point in Russian plans to defeat other rivals in Mongolian affairs was given to Kyakhta’s railway branch, which was supposed to be constructed from frontier Kyakhta to Trans-Siberian Railway with the aim to lay it through Mongolia to Beijing. The possible loss of European Russian industrial areas during World War I made the Tsarist Government pay attention to Asian markets. After the Civil War and foreign intervention strengthening of Eastern regions on the advanced economic development basis once again appeared to be one of the prime goals of the new Soviet power. The economic reconstruction after emergency situations and further achievements were to demonstrate advantages of Socialism to peoples of the East and thus to involve them into the Soviet sphere of economic, political and ideological influence and to serve as the world revolution base in the Buddhist East. Besides geopolitical, military-strategic and ideological circumstances, the importance of close cooperation between Buryatia and Mongolia was determined by economic reasons. Firstly, Mongolia was considered as a perspective product market. Secondly, Mongolia with its rich cattle-breeding industry could be a very important supplier of the Republic processing industry. In spite of political transformations, the Soviet State economic strategy in Buryatia in 1920s had a vividly expressed “Mongolian colour”.

In this article, the landmarks of the professional biography of History Professor W. Sliwowska, a prominent Polish researcher, should be considered. For more than a half a century she has been being actively integrated into the Soviet and the Russian historical studies. Professor Sliwowska has made an important contribution to the academic research in Russia. In Russia, she is known as a great scholar and a longstanding co-chair of the Russian-Polish Commission of the Historians of Russian and Polish Academies of Science. Professor Sliwowska plays an important role among the Russian intelligentsia. Her scientific heritage belongs equally to both Poland and Russia. Professor Sliwowska is an expert on the history of the 19^th century, on the political exile, on the socio-political movement and on the Russian-Polish relations. She is the author of monographs and bio-bibliographical dictionaries, translations, book reviews, documentary publications. Moreover, she is the founder of the school of thought in Poland. Many years she has led an academic department at the Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The article presents an overview of the main research works and the concepts of W. Sliwowska. Her academic plans, her unique methodology of the historical research, and her social position should be discussed. The Name of Professor Sliwowska is indissolubly linked with the revival and the flourishing of the historical studies in Poland after the World War II. For the modern Historians, she is a great example of devotion to the studies and beliefs. By her works, she maintains the high level of the Polish historical school of thought. Professor Sliwowska takes a stand against vulgarization and politicization of the historical research, especially in the matters of penal servitude and exile. She criticizes the simplified, mythologized and ideologized approaches to the problem, which negatively affect the academic objectivism of research. Wiktoria Sliwowska is one of the most prominent and respected Polish Historians in Russia. Nowadays, her scientific and social heritage is being actively studied and popularized in Russia.

The article presents the scientific community’s critical arguments against the value of philosophical research. The criticism is caused by the fast that philosophical work deals only with classical problems of science, while modern topical problems slip through the net. By the example of the topical problem of the correct use of mathematics, the article formulates some explanations of the significance of philosophical research for science; it presents a pragmatic grounding for the function of philosophers of science in scientific research and offers some recommendations concerning the description of conditions of applying mathematics.

The paper deals with a brief history of the development of set theory as the foundations of mathematics, and a brief history of the formation process of the type theory. The paper contains a detailed comparison of set theory and type theory, discussion of the problems of the set theory, and the advantages of the type theory as the foundations of mathematics. In addition, the article discusses the pragmatic aspect of the type theory as the foundations of mathematics and contains a brief overview of a modern version of the type theory, namely homotopy type theory.

The paper considers geological knowledge from the point of view of narration methodology developed initially for studying and constructing historical and literary texts. The consideration of geology, which is a natural-science discipline, from the perspective of humanitarian methodology enables to explain peculiarities of creation of geological theories about the past of our planet. In turn, such an explanation becomes a basis for solving the problem of the discrepancy of geological methods to criteria of experimental natural sciences. In addition, such an approach enables to define which information is important for geological knowledge and to define in what form the concepts of geological past are presented.

In the article it is shown that the construction of the logical structure of mental States possibly using fuzzy logic and used its linguistic approach

In the article, we study the evolution of Ancient concept of health and the causes of disease. We start with the earliest natural philosophers (mostly based on the Anonymous Londinensis medical papyrus) and conclude with a study of Galen’s De morborum differentiis (VI.836-880 K.). Health is invariably defined as a condition, which is in accord with nature, while disease is that which is contrary to nature. Our major concern is to discuss how this definition influenced consequent distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘non-natural’, ‘contrary to nature’ and ‘in accord with nature’, and in general, norm and deviation.

The article considerates the basic Chizhevskiy’s thoughts: the idea of the cosmic radiation influence on living organisms, air ionization concept found bringing in ionizer constructed them - "Chizhevskiy’s chandelier", ideas about linking the solar cycles with other astronomical factors. It is shown Chizhevskiy’s idea on the influence the cosmic rays on the live that he proved by statistical method, was developed in modern heliobiology, where they took a confirmation by current measurements. It was shown that the effect of the big changes of solar activity is not specific, and like a stress reaction to external stimuli. The idea of the planets influence on the solar cycle dynamics is actively discussed in the papers but it has not received sufficient evidence, nor was constructed a computable model of the Sun. From a philosophical point of view, Chizhevskiy’s ideas are holistic philosophy cosmism, denying the occasion and replaces the last action of the universal law of evolution.

Innovation ecosystem is defined as a system that fosters application of scientific knowledge to development of new technologies. The genesis and further development of two innovation ecosystems, Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk and Stanford University, is investigated. These ecosystems are similar during 50-th to 70-th: they share similar internal development dynamics and strategy, organization structure featuring a strong visionary leader, namely F. Terman and M. Lavrentiev, types of problems solved within the ecosystem. By the 1970, a novel ecosystem based on Stanford University ecosystem, so-called Sillicon Valley, was born. Contrasting to ecosystems of Stanford and Akademgorodok, the main function of the Sillicon Valley orgranization was not creation of new narrow-scoped technologies, but production of novel high-tech products. A high-tech product consists of multiple technologies and inteded for broad spectrum of applications. The notion of high-tech product is crucial for understanding of contemporary postindustrial mode of science-technology interaction, whilst the notion of ecosystem is crucial for understanding of the environment in which the interaction takes its place.

Critical view on formal demands for structure of dissertation introduction in Russia. Regulatory specifications of state standard and non-formal demands are being analyzed. Existing dissertation introduction structure is common and do not takes into account difference between natural and human sciences, theoretical and empirical research; overloaded by degenerative formalisms and red tape constructions. Existing requirements for paper thesis introductions is a kind of phenomena that could be called dissertation scholasticism. The structure is formed by emasculative philosophical and even pseudophilosophical categories pretended to construe as universal and ultimate methodological framework.