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We propose to interpret the notion of probability in quantum mechanics as Timothy Williamson’s evidential probability and call such probability quantum evidential probability. Williamson’s evidential probability, in our view, naturally fits into Jocelyn Benoist’s Wittgensteinian contextual realism rejecting the premises of the Modern philosophy and allowing dissolving of quantum paradoxes.

The article attempts to demonstrate the relationship between the methodological and epistemological hypotheses of the theory of relativity and numerous relativistic pictures of the world that subsequently appeared. For this purpose, the ontological consequences following from the three main Einsteinian assumptions are ordered. Numerous scenarios of the development of the Universe based on the relativist ontological scheme show some immanent difficulties associated with the methodological primacy of their source. For instance, the relativistic theory does not proceed from the deduction of the content of physical experiments, but rests on the results of rather speculative experiments. Therefore, it cannot set certain clear horizons of existence, but provokes a vast metaphysical multi-variance. Thus, relativism appeared as a result of sophisticated constructive speculation and represents a paradoxical contradiction between its methodological usefulness and the ontological difficulties it causes.

The article considers the typology of uncertainty as a state that a subject of predictive coding theory may experience. According to this theory, interaction with the external environment is mediated by neural filters that “remove” predictable signals and allow the cognitive system to focus on the difference between the expected and the actual. We propose a logical structure of predicative mechanisms and reveal two specific types of uncertainties arising at different stages of the work of these mechanisms (uncertainty of the possible and uncertainty of the expected), as well as several intraspecific types. We show that the theory has a heuristic potential for a wide range of research on human cognitive processes, especially in the context of modern socio-philosophical concepts of “turbulence” and unpredictability.

An article considers strong artificial intelligence as an opportunity to create an artificial personality. It is argued that radical connectionism is false and unacceptable for these purposes. The brain has a hybrid computational nature - in addition to self-learning cirquits, it contains algorithmic procedures. An evolutionary argument is put forward against the effectiveness of neural network modeling. The question is raised about the need to verify the quantum brain hypothesis in order to clarify the physical limitations of modeling. The question is raised about the acceptability of phenomenological knowledge. It is argued that Aristotle's trinitarian personality architecture reflects the fundamental structure of personality at a phenomenal level. The interpretation of emotions as an analogue form of representation is proposed. It is concluded that if an artificial personality as an adequate model can be built, then it can be created as a hybrid multi-agent system. Individual modules and entire levels may be analog, others digital; some systems can self-learn, others can function according to algorithmic rules and specific mathematical functions.

The article deals with the analysis of modern problems of consciousness in the context of the works of famous philosophers and neuroscientists. The issue of the connection between neuroscience and philosophy and the purpose of the latter in the explanation of consciousness is considered. It is argued that there is a cross-fertilization of these disciplines: philosophy can help to bridge the gap between the scientific explanation of reality and subjective experience, while research in the field of neuroscience can shed light on the fundamental problems of philosophy. The conclusion is made that the tendency of most scientists and philosophers to absolutism does not allow them to analyze the problem of consciousness and its moral boundaries from different perspectives.

The article discusses sociological surveys conducted by Russian and foreign researchers in 2009, 2015 and 2020. The surveys focused on the study of self-identification of members of the philosophical community and were conducted in the active Internet segment. As an online survey technique, the tools proposed by foreign colleagues who conducted the survey in 2009, D. Bourget and D. Chalmers, were used. They published the results of their survey in 2014. Based on it, Russian researchers conducted their survey in 2015. In 2020, foreign colleagues repeated their survey employing a larger sample. The author analyzes the results of these surveys both in terms of identifying the preferences, priorities and orientations of Western and Russian respondents, and in terms of the methods and tools of the surveys. It is revealed that when formulating questions, Western colleagues relied on the analytical tradition without any regard for continental philosophy. It is also shown that Western authors were actually engaged in the sociology of philosophy, without going deep into the content of philosophical problems proper. Russian researchers completely repeated the Western survey methodology, without introducing their own specificity. As a result, the question is raised of the validity and meaningfulness of such surveys, which practically take away from the actual philosophical problems and professional self-determination of members of the philosophical community.

In a comparative vein, the existing and potentially possible methodological methods for delimiting zonal-provincial associations of forest-bog and peat-bog complexes are analyzed. It is shown that on geomorphological differences of locations under conditions of continuous interaction with climate elements, soils and vegetation, their relatively autonomous development in time and space is carried out. On the example of the northern part of the Ob and Tom interfluve, in accordance with the criteria of such relative autonomy, natural indicator variations in the taxation and phytocenotic structure of indigenous marsh forests and, for comparison, dry valley pine forests are characterized. In the ranks of their modern typological and morphosculptural organization, causal relationships of ecosystem diversity and productivity with water and mineral growing conditions are considered, which clearly affect the composition of the age generations of the «mother» forest stands, undersized undergrowth and juvenile renewal groups. On the basis of the dimensions of the positive elements of the phytogenic micro- and mesorelief, large-hillock and cushion-like surfaces of oligotrophic and mesotrophic pine forests with mossy-lichen-shrub vegetation are typified, in peat deposits of which permafrost aquicludes and ice lenses-migratory are regularly localized. In especially moistened eutrophic pine forests with grass-mossy and low-grass vegetation, the phytogenic relief is considered in the system of different-height, scattered and merged tussocks, as well as near-stem mounds, which are formed by frameworks of skeletal roots draped with coniferous-leaf litter, grass rags, green Bryidae Engl. and hypnum Hypnales W. R. Buck et Vitt tows mosses. Taking into account these and a number of other factors, the trend of ambiguous settlement of self-sowing and pine Pinus L. undergrowth under the canopy of «mother» forest stands is estimated. Phytocenotic and inventory indication of pine forests, based on the system-sampling method of assessment, expands the understanding of the comparative range of variability in the structure of both marsh and upland pine forests that have reached the climax or approached the stages of self-development.

The results of long-term studies of taxonomic diversity and ecological and trophic features of the mycobiota of urban birch forests of Krasnoyarsk, which are subjected to an average degree of recreational load, are presented. 234 species of macromycetes have been identified, of which only less than half are found regularly, most of them are detected rarely or singly. The main part of the mycobiota, rich in single-species taxa, is made up of fungi of the order Agaricales Underw.; in terms of the number of species in the family spectrum, the families Russulaceae Lotsy, Agaricaceae Chevall., and Inocybaceae Jülich. are the leaders. The generic spectrum is dominated by Russula Pers., Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. and Mycena (Pers.) Roussel. The ecological and trophic structure of the mycobiota is dominated by xylotrophs, mycorrhiza formers, and humus saprotrophs. Widely specialized xylosaprotrophs predominate over xyloparasites, which are rarely found on living trees. Among the mycorrhiza-forming species, the proportion of representatives of the Russulaceae and Inocybaceae families is high. Among the humus saprotrophs, there are species characteristic of both forests and open habitats. The presence of a large number of synanthropic species in the dominant taxonomic and ecological-trophic groups of macromycetes indicates a pronounced impact of recreational pressure on the formation of mycobiota in urban forests. On the fallen birch, Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers, listed in the Red Data Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai, is regularly found. Several more rare species of fungi subject to protection were identified in the study area in previous years.

Fossil wood that is ca 7 million years old from Bükkábrány (Hungary) was analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to evaluate alterations of its chemical composition. A wood sample of bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) from West Hungary was taken as a reference. The fossil wood was characterized by higher contents of total carbon (58.05 %) and total nitrogen (0.44 %) compared to recent wood. TG of fossil wood showed a high heterogeneity of wood substance, significant loss of polysaccharides and enrichment by lignin including more thermally stable components (> 500 °C). The enthalpy change (∆H) of combustion (thermo-oxidation) for fossil wood was significantly higher than for recent wood (-18.17 kJ/g vs. -11.41 kJ/g). Py-GC/MS analysis of fossil wood showed a significant depletion of polysaccharide pyrolysis products and an increase in lignin pyrolysis products compared to recent wood. The pyrolytic H/L ratio indicates a preferential loss of polysaccharides in fossil wood. Polysaccharide pyrolysis products were rare and represented mainly by levoglucosan. Lignin also underwent substantial changes. A dramatic decrease in monomers, an increase in short side chain compounds and the presence of demethylated/demethoxylated compounds in the composition of lignin pyrolysis products are indicative of lignin alteration (degradation). Moreover, a high abundance of styrene, cresols, phenol and phenolic compounds was observed.

The article analyzes the scientific achievements and heritage of Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov, a well-known dendrologist and forester, who have made a great contribution to the study of larch Larix Mill. species in Siberia and the Far East, larch forests in the permafrost zone, as well as the features and patterns of the forest formation process in them. Anatoly P. Abaimov has substantiated the quantitative and qualitative morphological signs to distinguish larches Gmelin ( Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen.) and Cajander ( L. cajanderi Mayr), described their ecological specialization and clinal geographical variability of morphological features, proved an introgressive hybridization between these larch species. He characterized in detail the forestry and taxation specificity, ecological functions and dynamics of Siberian larch formations under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Anatoly P. Abaimov has marked the beginning of long-term Russian-Japanese cooperation in the field of assessing the global role of the permafrost forest ecosystems in the emission and absorption of greenhouse gases. The public and pedagogical activity of Anatoly P. Abaimov is characterized. A list of scientific papers and a list of dissertations defended under his supervision are given.