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Harmful algal blooms pose a serious threat to the ecology of coastal waters. Their timely detection is a crucial task in environmental monitoring. Optical spectrofluorimetry may be a promising approach in this field. The subject of this scientific work is the study of normalized fluorescence temperature curves (NFTC) as reference features of hazardous microalgae and confirmation of the possibility of identifying the genera of hazardous microalgae under study with their help. NFTC were obtained in laboratory experiments with microalgae monocultures under controlled conditions with registration of fluorescence spectra during linear heating (20-80 °C). Verification was carried out by means of cluster analysis using the principal component analysis (PCA). The study has shown that NFTC demonstrate stable genus-specific patterns, making it possible to distinguish microalgae at the genus level with an accuracy of 90.91%. The use of PCA (3 principal components explaining 94.22% of the variance) eliminates clustering errors caused by multicollinearity of the original features. The highest classification accuracy is achieved for Heterosigma akashiwa (100%), the lowest - for Pseudo-nitzschia (86.15%) due to intrageneric similarity of NFTC. The study shows the need to expand the catalog of standards to enhance the statistical significance of the results.

Effects of heat flux during the early spring plankton vegetation period in Lake Dolgoe (Belarus) were studied based on a coupled mathematical model which reproduces thermohydrodynamic and hydrobiological processes in a freshwater lake. Calculations were performed under different values of heat flux which interacted with the water surface. The simulations showed the following: with increased insolation, which contributed to the intensive spread of inflow waters with a low content of organic matter into the lake, the concentrations of plankton decreased from the surface to some depth, and below that depth they again increased. It was also found that those depths were different for phyto- and zooplankton in the deepest part of the lake (18 m and 15 m, respectively).

This work continues the study of the possibility of using the laser fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LF/LIF) method for the remote detection of nitrocompounds (NC) and organophosphorus compounds (OPC). A method for the combined detection of surface traces of NС and OPС is discussed. It is experimentally shown that exciting laser radiation wavelength of 246.824 nm, falling in the region of overlapping rotational lines of γ(0, 2) and γ(0, 0) bands of NO and PO absorption spectra, can be used for the simultaneous excitation of fluorescence of NС and OPС photofragments. To improve the noise immunity of the LF/LIF detection method, it is proposed to use a wavelength of the probing laser radiation in the range of overlapping γ(0, 2) and γ(1, 1) bands of the absorption spectra of NO- and PO-fragments in excited vibrational states after fragmentation. The resulting intense anti-Stokes γ(0, 1) and γ(1, 0) fluorescence bands are located in the spectral range 235-240 nm and do not overlap with the spectra of broadband Stokes fluorescence of surface materials bearing traces of NС and OPСs. The results can be used in the development of a universal system for the simultaneous detection of surface traces of explosives and toxic substances by LF/LIF method.

This article covers the development of a section of the Knowledge Base of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which focuses on analyzing corporate cross-sections and cooperative ties in the economies of Siberian regions. With socio-economic processes getting more complex, it is super important to reflect hidden interregional and intersectoral interactions. The authors justify the need to move from traditional analysis of statistical “points” to the study of real and potential links between economic entities, including value chains, logistics flows, and institutional constraints. A methodology for establishing a database that includes qualitative and quantitative parameters of corporate cross-sections and cooperative ties between the economies of Siberian regions is presented. The structure of the database, its functions, and stages of implementation are disclosed, including the development of a user interface, data collection and systematization, testing, and integration into the overall architecture of the Knowledge Base. The potential for applying the developed tool not only in scientific research but also in the practice of project management, spatial planning, and interregional cooperation is noted. The project is based on the principles of evolutionary economics, an interdisciplinary approach, and the traditions of the Siberian scientific school.

The article presents the results of many years of research into the urban environment of Russia’s closed administrative-territorial formations (CATFs), which are unparalleled in other countries in terms of their number and diversity. It shows that the latter is linked to the peculiarities of the formation of the defense potential of the USSR and Russia in a hostile environment and the need to ensure the security of strategically important facilities. Due to the secrecy of information, there have been virtually no publications on various aspects of the functioning of CATFs for half a century. However, since the early 2000s, articles and monographs have begun to appear in Russia on the history of their creation, legal grounds, and contemporary socio-economic realities. At the same time, the subject of such works is, naturally, not secret facilities, but the specifics of the urban environment of closed administrative-territorial formations. Based on an expanding array of open information, this article highlights the features, essence, and causes of the new problems facing closed cities. In conclusion, it presents some thoughts on the hypothetical functioning of CATFs in the format of a federal territory.

The model of the region’s market system in the second decade of the 21st century, while retaining its fundamental features, faced a number of challenges of a financial, economic, socio-demographic, and political nature. The resolution of accumulated and current problems in the functioning of this model is hampered by socio-economic contradictions, the elimination of which will become possible in the near future. Based on comparative analysis, expert assessments, and a synthesis of domestic and international experience, this article examines the current dynamics and structure of the region’s market system and assesses its role in socio-economic development. The region’s market system is considered an integral part of the broader regional socio-economic system; it influences and is influenced by the region’s industrial, social, environmental, and other subsystems. A systemic-reproductive approach to the study of the region’s market system is proposed, which considers economic activity as a set of interrelated cycles, starting with production and ending with the consumption of products and services. The article discusses modern theories and concepts of the regional market system, principles of comprehensive research of the market system, methods of analysis and forecasting of market processes, problems of developing a competitive environment and market infrastructure in the region, and problems of spatial interaction. The author reviews the contemporary theories and concepts of the regional market system, the principles of comprehensive market system research, methods of market process analysis and forecasting, issues of competitive environment development, market infrastructure in the region, spatial interaction issues, and reproductive and institutional aspects of the market system. The author provides a summary of market-forming patterns, external economic relations, and state regulation at the regional level. Models of managing the development of the market system of regions, features of the mechanism of interaction between economic entities in the territory, objective conditions, and principles of management are considered, taking into account recent structural shifts in the economy of the Russian Federation. Promising areas of research into the problems of the regional market system and the development of a reproduction model of its functioning are substantiated, ensuring the implementation of market relations that mediate commodity, financial, and information flows between various economic entities. Conclusions comprise growing risks to the region’s market system associated with the acceleration of technological progress, the fragmentation of regulation of commercial and financial and credit activities, and the tightening of investment attraction policies. The obtained results may be of practical use while formulating a state policy aimed at mitigating differences between Russian regions.

Developed university ecosystems are based on the concept of productive cooperation within the “university-student-regional economy” triad aimed at the sustainability of regions in their innovative development by increasing the engagement of young in work. To describe a key mechanism for interaction between youth and business, the concept of productive collaboration is being introduced, where the systemic integration of education, science, and innovation creates human capital supporting high rates of change in technology. This approach overcomes the limitations of analyzing isolated subjects by assessing the synergistic effect of their cooperation at the regional level. The purpose of the article is to reveal the concept of “university ecosystems” and analyze the quality of university ecosystems for the sustainability of regions. Data synergy for typology of regions was ensured from four federal sources for 88 Russian regions: monitoring the effectiveness of Russian universities 2021-2023, the best startups 2022-2024, the list of student design bureaus 2025, and Rosstat statistics 2023. Using comparative analysis and graphical visualization methods, the regions are compared along two key axes: the depth of integration with the labor market (practice base) and the intensity of innovation activity (volume of extra-budgetary R&D). A typology of sustainability of regions is proposed based on the analysis of the university ecosystems quality: sustainable, flagship, unstable. It was revealed that 21 Russian regions are sustainable in terms of the competitiveness of the university ecosystems, ensuring the formation and development of two types of specialists in demand by employers: those capable of applying innovations and participating in their creation. It has found that sustainable regions significantly outperform other groups in key indicators of innovative and socio-economic development. The research results provide a basis for making informed management decisions. The proposed typology allows government agencies and stakeholders to develop targeted programs: from basic support for the integration of universities and businesses in fragile regions to stimulating breakthrough innovation in stable regions optimizing resource allocation.

This article examines the issue of digital inequality and its relationship with human capital at national and regional levels during the ongoing digital transformation of the economy, where digital skills and competencies are growing in importance. In this context, regional digital disparities may hinder human capital development across different regions. The study evaluates the digital divide between regions with varying levels of human capital development using a four-level conceptual framework of digital inequality. The author hypothesizes that regions with more developed human capital experience not only smaller gaps in digital access and skills but also greater social benefits from digital technologies. The empirical analysis draws on data from the Russian Selective Federal Statistical Survey on the Use of Information Technologies and Telecommunication Networks (2019 and 2023). The results demonstrate significant differences in both information and communications technology proficiency and usage patterns between high- and low-human-capital regions. While residents in less developed regions primarily use ICT for entertainment and communication, those in more advanced regions leverage technology more frequently for education, skills development, and efficient daily living practices that foster further human capital growth. These findings can guide policymakers in designing targeted social programs to reduce regional inequalities.

Since 2014, sectoral sanctions against Russia have had an extremely contradictory impact on the Russian economy, however, starting from 2022, there has been an increase in the scale and number of restrictions imposed. Despite this, macrostatistics confirms the insufficiency of the ratio of planned and actual effects of sanctions pressure, which, despite the attempt to implement the “smart sanctions”, was also intended to affect the deterioration of the standard of living of the Russian population. The goal of the paper is to characterize the effects of the imposition of sanctions on certain parameters that make up the standard of living of the Russian population, both from objective (based on macroeconomic statistics) and subjective (assessed by survey results) points of view. The hypothesis of the study lies in the insufficient effectiveness of the impact of sanctions restrictions from “unfriendly countries” on the Russian population in terms of possible provocation of an increase in protest activity. The publication uses statistical methods, content analysis of academic publications, and elements of institutional analysis. The main scientific result of the work is a contribution to the academic discussion on the impact of antiRussian sanctions on the Russian economy in relation to their effectiveness. In particular, it is shown that, both according to statistical indicators characterizing the standard of living and according to survey data, the effectiveness of the impact of sanctions is objectively insufficient to provoke protest activity.

The physical and geographical characteristics of the Sea of Azov are distinguished by a number of specific features providing its uniqueness: shallow depths, a vast drainage basin relative to the sea size, significant river runoff, annually replacing a significant portion of the sea volume, and poor water exchange with other seas. Furthermore, the Sea of Azov basin encompasses one of the most densely populated regions of Russia and is considered to be the most heavily polluted (in particular by hydrocarbons) by human activities. The quantitative and qualitative composition of hydrocarbons in seawater and suspended matter in the eastern part of the Sea of Azov has been investigated. Samples were collected during Cruise 102 of the research vessel Deneb in November 2024. New, up-to-date data on hydrocarbon pollution in the Sea of Azov were obtained using gas chromatography and various molecular diagnostic indices, allowing for a hypothesis regarding the nature of the detected hydrocarbons. Statistical analysis was used to cluster sampling stations over the parameters studied. It has been concluded that the environmental conditions in the eastern part of the Sea of Azov are unfavourable with respect to hydrocarbon substances. It was established that, due to the active development of the microbial community, intensive transformation of n-alkanes of petroleum and autochthonous origin occurs in water and in suspended matter. The obtained results can be considered as background data when studying the consequences of the Volgoneft tanker accident near the Kerch Strait in December 2024.